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Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), cardiac autonomic modulation via heart rate variability (HRV) recorded by a 10-lead electrocardiograph and analyzed with Kubios HRV 2.0, and cardiorespiratory capacity estimated through the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test. Body composition was assessed by tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA, Welch\u2019s ANOVA, chi-square and Fisher\u2019s exact tests, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression, with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Professional athletes demonstrated significantly higher VO\u2082max (50.5\u2009\u00b1\u20094.56\u00a0ml\u00b7kg\u207b\u00b9\u00b7min\u207b\u00b9;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), lower resting heart rate (54.9\u2009\u00b1\u20098.65\u00a0bpm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03), and greater parasympathetic modulation (RMSSD: 82.8\u2009\u00b1\u200917.5 ms;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to youth categories. Sleep efficiency was significantly higher in professionals (90.7\u2009\u00b1\u20096.13%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) and positively correlated with RMSSD. A significant association was found between RMSSD levels and global sleep quality (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004; X\u00b2 = 0.50), as well as between RMSSD and VO\u2082max classification (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01; X\u00b2 = 0.40).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep efficiency is positively associated with cardiac autonomic modulation and aerobic performance in soccer players. While the superior physiological profile of professionals reflects a synergy between training adaptations and biological maturation, HRV and PSQI constitute complementary monitoring tools for integrated athlete assessment across competitive categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-026-03811-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:07:46Z","timestamp":1789715266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of sleep efficiency with cardiac autonomic modulation in young and professional soccer players during pre-season"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Nathaniel Gomes","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Miqu\u00e9ias Silva","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Felipe Bispo","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Fernanda Almeida","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanara Nubia Furtado","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele Brito","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuelly Estefanny Vieira","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herickson Ara\u00fajo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano Teixeira","family":"Mostarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto Alves","family":"Dias Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Jefferson Fernando Coelho","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janaina de Oliveira Brito","family":"Monzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emerson Silami","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Emmanuel Torres","family":"Cabido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Jos\u00e9 Moraes","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"3811_CR1","first-page":"599","volume":"15","author":"A Calandro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calandro A, Esposito G, Altavilla G (2020) Intermittent training and improvement of anthropometric parameters and aerobic capacity in youth football. 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