{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:25:54Z","timestamp":1776144354171,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"28","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006477","name":"National Taiwan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["103L891302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103L891302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006477","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Taiwan","award":["NTU-107L901003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTU-107L901003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105-2628-E-002-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-2628-E-002-001-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2816-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T03:06:17Z","timestamp":1533006377000},"page":"27971-27981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of lead release potential of new premise plumbing materials"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Iat-Leong","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ding-Quan","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shailesh S.","family":"Sable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Pin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2816_CR1","unstructured":"APHA, AWWA, WEF (2012) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd Edition 1360 pp ISBN 978-087553-013-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"2816_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.2.219","volume":"87","author":"D Bellinger","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bellinger D, Sloman J, Leviton A, Rabinowitz M, Needleman HL, Waternaux C (1991) Low level lead exposure and children\u2019s cognitive function in the preschool years. Pediatrics 87(2):219\u2013227","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2816_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canfield RL, Henderson CR, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP (2003a) Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 mg per deciliter. N Engl J Med 3481517\u20131526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022848"},{"issue":"1","key":"2816_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.9.1.35.14496","volume":"9","author":"RL Canfield","year":"2003","unstructured":"Canfield RL, Kreher DA, Cornwell C, Henderson CR (2003b) Low-level lead exposure, executive functioning, and learning in early childhood. Child Neuropsychol 9(1):35\u201353","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2816_CR5","unstructured":"Chan HWA, Lai NA (2016) Report of the Commission of Inquiry into excess lead found in drinking water. Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.hk\/en\/theme\/coidrinkingwater\/pdf\/COI_Report.pdf"},{"key":"2816_CR6","unstructured":"Davis M, Kolb C, Reynolds L, Rothstein E, Sikkema K (2016) Flint water advisory task force: final report; State of Michigan Commissioned by the Office of Governor Rick Snyder. Available online: https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/documents\/snyder\/FWATF_FINAL_REPORT_21March2016_517805_7.pdf"},{"key":"2816_CR7","unstructured":"Del Toral MA (2015) High lead levels in Flint, Michigan \u2013 interim report. WG-15J; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5 Chicago IL. Available online: http:\/\/flintwaterstudy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Miguels-Memo.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2816_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1021\/es4034952","volume":"48","author":"M Edwards","year":"2014","unstructured":"Edwards M (2014) Fetal death and reduced birth rates associated with exposure to lead-contaminated drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 48(1):739\u2013746","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2816_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2004.tb10724.x","volume":"96","author":"M Edwards","year":"2004","unstructured":"Edwards M, Dudi A (2004) Role of chlorine and chloramine in corrosion of lead-bearing plumbing materials. J Am Water Work Assoc 96(10):69\u201381","journal-title":"J Am Water Work Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"2816_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2007.tb07984.x","volume":"99","author":"Marc Edwards","year":"2007","unstructured":"Edwards M, Triantafyllidou S (2007) Chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio and lead leaching to water. J Am Water Works Assoc 99(7):96\u2013109","journal-title":"Journal - American Water Works Association"},{"issue":"11","key":"2816_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2010.tb11340.x","volume":"102","author":"C Elfland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elfland C, Scardina P, Edwards M (2010) Lead-contaminated water from brass plumbing devices in new buildings. J Amer Water Works Assoc 102(11):66\u201376","journal-title":"J Amer Water Works Assoc"},{"key":"2816_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1989.tb03245.x","volume":"81","author":"MC Gardels","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gardels MC, Sorg TJ (1989) A laboratory study of the leaching of lead from water faucets. J Am Water Works Assoc 81:101\u2013113","journal-title":"J Am Water Works Assoc"},{"key":"2816_CR13","unstructured":"Health Canada (2009) Guidance on controlling corrosion in drinking water distribution systems. Water, Air and Climate Change Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. (Catalogue No. H128-1\/09-595E)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2816_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025101","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/28\/2\/025101","volume":"28","author":"X Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma X, Lee WH, Lytle DA (2016) In situ 2D maps of pH shifts across brass\u2013lead galvanic 384 joints using microelectrodes. Meas Sci Technol 28(2):025101","journal-title":"Meas Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2816_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530290033034","volume":"275","author":"HL Needleman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Needleman HL, Riess JA, Tobin MJ, Biesecker GE, Greenhouse JB (1996) Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior. JAMA 275(5):363\u2013369","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2816_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1071\/EN15156","volume":"13","author":"DQ Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng DQ, Lin YP (2015) Effects of pH value, chloride and sulfate concentrations on galvanic corrosion between lead and copper in drinking water. Environ Chem 13(4):602\u2013610","journal-title":"Environ Chem"},{"key":"2816_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13030266","volume":"13","author":"DQ Ng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ng DQ, Lin YP (2016) Evaluation of lead release in a simulated lead-free premise plumbing system using a sequential sampling approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13:266","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2816_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.402","volume":"636","author":"DQ Ng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ng DQ, Liu SW, Lin YP (2018a) Lead as a legendary pollutant with emerging concern: survey of lead in tap water in an old campus building using four sampling methods. Sci Total Environ 636:1510\u20131516","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2816_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.114","volume":"637\u2013638","author":"DQ Ng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ng DQ, Chen CY, Lin YP (2018b) A new scenario of lead contamination in potable water distribution systems: galvanic corrosion between lead and stainless steel. Sci Total Environ 637\u2013638:1423\u20131431","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"18","key":"2816_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7076","DOI":"10.1021\/es1015185","volume":"44","author":"CK Nguyen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nguyen CK, Stone KR, Dudi A, Edwards MA (2010) Corrosive microenvironments at lead solder surfaces arising from galvanic corrosion with copper pipe. Environ Sci Technol 44(18):7076\u20137081","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2816_CR21","volume-title":"National Plumbing Code","author":"NRCC","year":"2005","unstructured":"NRCC (2005) National Plumbing Code. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON"},{"issue":"3","key":"2816_CR22","first-page":"144","volume":"20","author":"R Packham","year":"1971","unstructured":"Packham R (1971) The leaching of toxic stabilizers from unplasticized PVC water pipe. Part II. A survey of lead levels in uPVC distribution systems. Part III. The measurement of extractable lead in uPVC pipes. Water Treat Exam 20(3):144\u2013164","journal-title":"Water Treat Exam"},{"issue":"10","key":"2816_CR23","first-page":"RA329","volume":"11","author":"NC Papanikolaou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Papanikolaou NC, Hatzidaki EG, Belivanis S, Tzanakakis GN, Tsatsakis AM (2005) Lead toxicity update. A brief review. Med Sci Monit 11(10):RA329\u2013RA336","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"4","key":"2816_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04034","volume":"51","author":"KJ Piper","year":"2017","unstructured":"Piper KJ, Tang M, Edwards MA (2017) Flint water crisis caused by interrupted corrosion control: investigating ground zero home. Environ Sci Technol 51(4):2007\u20132014","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2816_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224A","DOI":"10.1021\/es040525h","volume":"38","author":"R Renner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Renner R (2004) Plumbing the depths of D.C\u2019.s drinking water crisis. Environ Sci Technol 38:224A\u2013227A","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2816_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(84)90049-6","volume":"18","author":"E Samuels","year":"1984","unstructured":"Samuels E, Meranger J (1984) Preliminary studies on the leaching of some trace metals from kitchen faucets. Water Res 18(1):75\u201380","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2816_CR27","first-page":"445","volume":"32","author":"M Sadiq","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sadiq M, Zaidi TH, AlMuhanna H, Mian AA (1997) Effect of distribution network pipe material on drinking water quality. J Environ Sci Health Part A Toxic Hazard Subst Environ Eng 32:445\u2013454","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health Part A Toxic Hazard Subst Environ Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2816_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2015.0337","volume":"33","author":"J St Clair","year":"2016","unstructured":"St Clair J, Cartier C, Triantafyllidou S, Clark B, Edwards MA (2016) Long-term behavior of simulated partial lead service line replacements. Environ Eng Sci 33(1):53\u201364","journal-title":"Environ Eng Sci"},{"key":"2816_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triantafyllidou S., Edwards, MA (2010) Contribution of galvanic corrosion to lead (Pb) in water after partial lead service line replacements. American Water Works Assoc. Res. Foundation Report #4088b","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2011.tb11535.x"},{"key":"2816_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7389","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01912","volume":"50","author":"BF Trueman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trueman BF, Camara E, Gagnon GA (2016) Evaluating the effects of full and partial lead service line replacement on lead levels in drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 50:7389\u20137396","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2816_CR31","unstructured":"TURI (2007) Green(er) PVC: the development of lead and phthalate-free nanocomposite formulations with practical utility. The Toxics Use Reduction Institute, University Research in Sustainable Technologies Program. Published in The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute. Available online: http:\/\/ebookinga.com\/pdf\/greener-pvc-the-development-of-lead-and-7877943.html"},{"key":"2816_CR32","first-page":"20674","volume":"52","author":"USEPA","year":"1987","unstructured":"USEPA (1987) Prohibition on use of lead pipes, solder and flux. Fed Regist 52:20674","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"issue":"10","key":"2816_CR33","first-page":"26460","volume":"56","author":"USEPA","year":"1991","unstructured":"USEPA (1991) Maximum contaminant level goals and national primary drinking water regulations for lead and copper; final rule. Fed Regist 56(10):26460","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"key":"2816_CR34","unstructured":"USEPA (2017) Use of lead free pipes, fittings, fixtures, solder and flux for drinking water. Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwstandardsregulations\/use-lead-free-pipes-fittings-fixtures-solder-and-flux-drinking-water"},{"issue":"7","key":"2816_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1108\/eb007198","volume":"29","author":"R Walker","year":"1982","unstructured":"Walker R, Oliphant R (1982) Contamination of potable water from lead-based solders. Anti-Corros Methods Mater 29(7):13\u201315","journal-title":"Anti-Corros Methods Mater"},{"issue":"5","key":"2816_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-391X(06)70637-7","volume":"8","author":"G Wallenwein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wallenwein G (2006) PVC stabilizers: a contribution to sustainability. Plastics Plast Addit Compound 8(5):26\u201328","journal-title":"Plastics Plast Addit Compound"},{"issue":"16","key":"2816_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.06.046","volume":"46","author":"Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Y, Jing H, Mehta V, Welter GJ, Giammar DE (2012) Impact of galvanic corrosion on lead release from aged lead service lines. Water Res 46(16):5049\u20135060","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2816_CR38","first-page":"104","volume":"38","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO Chron 38:104\u2013108","journal-title":"WHO Chron"},{"issue":"11","key":"2816_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(88)90096-6","volume":"22","author":"M Wong","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wong M, Gan L, Koh L (1988) Temperature effects on the leaching of lead from unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) pipes. Water Res 22(11):1399\u20131403","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2816_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2011.tb11496.x","volume":"103","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Edwards MA (2011) Zinc content in brass and its influence on lead leaching. J Am Water Works Assoc 103:76\u201383","journal-title":"J Am Water Works Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2816_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3999-9","volume":"22","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Lin YP (2015) Leaching of lead from new unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes into drinking water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(11):8405\u20138411","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-018-2816-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-018-2816-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-018-2816-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T13:22:29Z","timestamp":1661692949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-018-2816-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"28","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-018-2816-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}