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The amount of PM gathered on leaves depends on quantity, size, and morphology of leaves and can also be increased by the presence of epicuticular waxes, in which PM can become stuck or immersed. In this study, we determined the ability of PM to accumulate on leaves in relation to the species of tree and PM source. We tested saplings of three common European tree species (<jats:italic>Betula pendula<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Quercus robur<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Tilia cordata<\/jats:italic>) by experimentally polluting them with PM from different sources (cement, construction, and roadside PM), and then assessing the effects of PM on plant growth and ecophysiology. In all studied species, we have found two types of PM accumulation: a layer on the leaf surface and an in-wax layer. Results showed that the studied species accumulate PM on their leaf blade, reducing the efficiency of its photosynthetic apparatus, which in a broader sense can be considered a reduction in the plants\u2019 normal functioning. Saplings of<jats:italic>Q. robur<\/jats:italic>suffered the least, whereas<jats:italic>B. pendula<\/jats:italic>(especially photosynthetic rate and conductivity) and<jats:italic>T. cordata<\/jats:italic>(especially increase in leader shoot length) exhibited greater negative effects. The foliage of<jats:italic>B. pendula<\/jats:italic>collected the most PM, followed by<jats:italic>Q. robur<\/jats:italic>, and then<jats:italic>T. cordata<\/jats:italic>, regardless of the dust\u2019s source. All tested species showed a tendency for higher wax production when growing under PM pollution stress. We believe that, potentially,<jats:italic>B. pendula<\/jats:italic>best enhances the quality of the PM-contaminated environment; however, faster leaf fall, reduced productivity, and worse quality of wood should be considered in urban forest management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07672-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]],"date-time":"2020-01-13T14:02:44Z","timestamp":1578924164000},"page":"10296-10307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Particulate matter on foliage of Betula pendula, Quercus robur, and Tilia cordata: deposition and ecophysiology"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4860-4984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"\u0141ukowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Popek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Karolewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"7672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/61531","volume":"25","author":"MA Alghamdi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alghamdi MA (2016) Characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals in airborne PM10 from a residential area of northern Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. 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