{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T03:29:34Z","timestamp":1768015774410,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009420","name":"Cefic","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009420","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CONCAWE"},{"name":"Eurofer"},{"name":"Euromines"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cyanide compounds are naturally emitted into the environment in low levels by degradation processes or emitted from anthropogenic sources. In surface water, complex cyanide compounds as well as \u201cfree cyanide\u201d are present. The latter term covers hydrogen cyanide and cyanide compounds which easily liberate hydrogen cyanide under slightly acidic conditions. Especially free cyanide may cause adverse effects in the environment. To exclude negative impacts on freshwater systems, in the context of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), preventive regulatory activities for free cyanide are currently under discussion. However, established analytical methods for quantification of free cyanide only obtain limits of quantification (LOQs) in the range of 1\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Thus, these methods are not sufficiently sensitive for a potential environmental quality standard (EQS) compliance monitoring at water concentrations below the current predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) level of free cyanide. In the present study, a standardized continuous flow analysis (CFA) method for quantification of low free cyanide concentrations was adapted by applying a special system which allows an ultra-sensitive photometric detection of a colored cyanide derivative. By this means, LOQs in a range of one magnitude below the PNEC are achievable. The method was validated according to ISO\/IEC 17025 requirements. Free cyanide concentrations in tested surface water samples from a small river and a barrier lake with low anthropogenic influences were very low and clearly below the PNEC. The results prove that the adapted CFA method is suitable for the analysis of low concentration free cyanide in freshwaters and appropriate for a possible EQS compliance monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-12062-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T08:03:59Z","timestamp":1608192239000},"page":"16244-16252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Determination of low environmental free cyanide concentrations in freshwaters"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0053-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burkhard","family":"Knopf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4175-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heinz","family":"R\u00fcdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Hansknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Klawonn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"Kreuzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"12062_CR1","unstructured":"Australian Water Association (2000) National water quality management strategy, Aquatic Ecosystems. Rationale and Background Information (Chapter 8) vol 2. Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. Artarmon, https:\/\/www.waterquality.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/anzecc-armcanz-2000-guidelines-vol2.pdf"},{"key":"12062_CR2","unstructured":"DIN (2008) DIN 32645:2008\u201311 (German version) Chemical analysis-decision limit, detection limit and determination limit under repeatability conditions-terms, methods, evaluation"},{"key":"12062_CR3","unstructured":"EC (2009) Comission Directive 2009\/90\/EC of 31 July 2009 laying down, pursuant to Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, technical specifications for chemical analysis and monitoring of water status (QA\/QC-Directive). Official Journal of the European Union L 201\/36\u201338, https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:201:0036:0038:EN:PDF"},{"key":"12062_CR4","unstructured":"ECETOC (2007) Cyanides of hydrogen, sodium and potassium, and acetone cyanohydrin (CAS No. 74\u201390-8, 143\u201333-9, 151\u201350-8 and 75\u201386-5). ECETOC Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals Report Volume 1. ISSN-0773-6339-53. Brussels, Belgium, September 2007. www.ecetoc.org\/publication\/jacc-report-53-cyanides-of-hydrogen-sodium-and-potassium-and-acetone-cyanohydrin-vol-ii\/"},{"key":"12062_CR5","unstructured":"ECHA (2020) REACh dossier Sodium Cyanide, CAS number 143\u201333-9. Registration Dossier, Part: Ecotoxicological Summary. https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/de\/registration-dossier\/-\/registered-dossier\/15159\/6\/1"},{"key":"12062_CR6","unstructured":"EU (2013) Directive 2013\/39\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000\/60\/EC and 2008\/105\/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy vol 2013\/39, 24 Aug. 2013 edn. Official Journal of the European Communities, https:\/\/publications.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/296e91b8-4610-11e3-ae03-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en"},{"key":"12062_CR7","unstructured":"EU (2015a) Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2015\/495 of 20 March 2015 establishing a watch list of substances for Union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to Directive 2008\/105\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. vol 2015\/495. Official Journal of the European Union, https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32015D0495&from=EN"},{"key":"12062_CR8","unstructured":"EU (2015b) Free cyanides. Draft EQS dossier. Prepared by JRC for the EU Commission. June 30, 2015 https:\/\/circabc.europa.eu\/d\/a\/workspace\/SpacesStore\/7b326d79-9b29-41e2-bff7-d49ab9ade68a\/Summary%20dossier%20review%20Cyanides-DRAFT-JRC-2015_v3.docx"},{"key":"12062_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geiss S, Einax JW (2001) Comparison of detection limits in environmental analysis-is it possible? An approach on quality assurance in the lower working range by verification Fresenius\u2019 journal of analytical chemistry 370:673\u2013678","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160100710"},{"key":"12062_CR10","unstructured":"ISO (2007) ISO 11885:2007. Water quality-determination of selected elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). German version: DIN EN ISO 11885:2009"},{"key":"12062_CR11","unstructured":"ISO (2012) ISO 14403-2:2012 Water quality-determination of total cyanide and free cyanide using flow analysis (FIA and CFA) - Part 2: Method using continuous flow analysis (CFA). German version EN ISO 14403-2:2012"},{"key":"12062_CR12","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC (2005) ISO\/IEC 17025:2005. General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. German version DIN ISO\/IEC 17025:2005"},{"key":"12062_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaszczak E, Polkowska \u017b, Narkowicz S, Namie\u015bnik J (2017) Cyanides in the environment-analysis-problems and challenges Environmental science and pollution research international 24:15929\u201315948 doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-017-9081-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9081-7"},{"key":"12062_CR14","unstructured":"Krutz H (1981) Different origins of cyanide concentration in small rivers. In: Vennesland B, Conn EE, Knowles J, Wissing F (eds) Cyanide in biology. Academic Press, London, UK, pp 479\u2013485"},{"key":"12062_CR15","unstructured":"Loos R, Marinov D, Sanseverino I, Napierska D, Lettieri T (2018) Review of the 1st Watch List under the Water Framework Directive and recommendations for the 2nd Watch List. April 2018 JRC, https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/bitstream\/JRC111198\/wl_report_jrc_2018_04_26_final_online.pdf"},{"key":"12062_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma J, Dasgupta PK (2010) Recent developments in cyanide detection: a review Analytica Chimica Acta 673:117\u2013125 doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2010.05.042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.05.042"},{"key":"12062_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maranna MC, Saikrishnan LM, Dinesh TK, Tyagi KK (2018) Determination of hydrogen cyanide in cigarette smoke by Continuous Flow Analysis method using safer chemistry. Contributions to Tobacco Research 28: 191\u2013202 doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/cttr-2018-0018","DOI":"10.2478\/cttr-2018-0018"},{"key":"12062_CR18","unstructured":"Magnusson B, N\u00e4ykki T, Hovind H, Krysell M (2012) Handbook for calculation of measurement uncertainty in environmental laboratories. Nordic Innovation, Oslo http:\/\/www.nordtest.info\/images\/documents\/nt-technical-reports\/nt_tr_537_ed3_1_English_Handbook%20for%20Calculation%20of%20Measurement%20uncertainty%20in%20environmental%20laboratories.pdf"},{"key":"12062_CR19","unstructured":"Peters A, Leverett D, Wilson I, Moore C, Merrington G (2012) EQS proposal for free cyanid. Report for the European Commission by wca environment limited, Oxfordshire, UK. https:\/\/circabc.europa.eu\/webdav\/CircaBC\/env\/wfd\/Library\/working_groups\/priority_substances\/1a%20-%20WG%20Chemicals%20Meetings\/WG%20Chemicals%202014-10-16-17\/Documents%20after%20the%20meeting\/Cyanides%20EQS%20Draft%20Report_wca.pdf"},{"key":"12062_CR20","unstructured":"Skalar Analytical (2015) SAN++ method: analysis of free disillable cyanide in surface water . Catnr. I295-003w\/r issue 031915\/MH\/99295930. Skalar Analytical B.V., Breda, The Netherlands"},{"key":"12062_CR21","unstructured":"Sorokin N, Atkinson C, Aldous E, Rule K, Maycock D, Comber S (2012) Proposed EQS for Water Framework Directive Annex VIII substances: cyanide (free). For consultation. Water Framework Directive - United Kingdom Technical Advisory Group (WFD-UKTAG) https:\/\/www.wfduk.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Media\/Environmental%20standards\/Cyanide_Final_.pdf.s"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-020-12062-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-020-12062-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-020-12062-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T16:38:18Z","timestamp":1615999098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-020-12062-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["12062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-12062-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}