{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:33:48Z","timestamp":1784820828419,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"45","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12581-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T15:03:00Z","timestamp":1612018980000},"page":"63682-63689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Conversion of chromium-containing solid wastes into value-added products through a plasma-assisted aluminothermic process"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Saravanakumar","family":"Rajalingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramachandran","family":"Kandasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anandapadmanabhan","family":"Pudugramam Vishwanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"12581_CR1","first-page":"1785","volume":"13","author":"SV Anakhov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anakhov SV, Matushkin AV, Dorozhkin EM, Lyzhin AI, Pyckin YA (2019) Study of plasma incineration processes in ecological waste recycling technologies. Eurasia J Biosci 13(2):1785\u20131789","journal-title":"Eurasia J Biosci"},{"key":"12581_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.07.057","volume":"128","author":"AD Apte","year":"2006","unstructured":"Apte AD, Tare V, Bose P (2006) Extent of oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) under various conditions pertaining to natural environment. J Hazard Mater 128:164\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.07.057","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"12581_CR3","first-page":"17","volume":"1","author":"LL Baijnath","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baijnath LL, Gautam V, Yadav VL (2014) A comparative study of the removal efficiency of calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide as precipitating agents for chromium (III). J Civil Eng Environ Technol 1(1):17\u201320","journal-title":"J Civil Eng Environ Technol"},{"key":"12581_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Changming D, Chao S, Gong X, Ting W, Xiange W (2018) Plasma methods for metals recovery from metal\u2013containing waste. Waste Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.04.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.04.026"},{"key":"12581_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Brito RA, Medeiros FFP, Gomes UU, Costa FA, Silva AGP, Alves JC (2008) Production of tantalum by aluminothermic reduction in plasma reactor. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2007.09.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2007.09.008"},{"key":"12581_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dishwar RK, Agrawal S, Mandal AK, Sinha OP (2020) Smelting process of chromite ore fines to produce crude Fe\u2013Cr\u2013Ni\u2013N alloy. Trans Indian Inst Metals. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12666-020-01861-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12666-020-01861-8"},{"key":"12581_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"EI-Sadek MH, EI-Barawy, Morsi IM (2019) Production of calcium metal by aluminothermic reduction of Egyptian limestone ore. Can Metall Q. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00084433.2018.1544343","DOI":"10.1080\/00084433.2018.1544343"},{"key":"12581_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kebir M, Boudjemaa A, Azoudj Y, Sehailia M, Bachari K (2018) Chromium (VI) photo-reduction under visible and sunlight irradiation over bismuth-ferrites Bi2Fe4O9 photo-catalyst. Can J Chem Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cjce.23242","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.23242"},{"key":"12581_CR9","first-page":"358","volume":"10","author":"P Kocurek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kocurek P, Kolomazn\u00edk K, Ba\u0159inov\u00e1 M (2014) Chromium removal from wastewater by reverse osmosis. WSEAS Trans Environ Dev 10:358\u2013365","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans Environ Dev"},{"key":"12581_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laxmi V, Kaushik G (2020) Toxicity of hexavalent chromium in environment, health threats, and its bioremediation and detoxification from tannery wastewater for environmental safety. In Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety (pp. 223-243). Springer, Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-1891-7_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1891-7_11"},{"key":"12581_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Wu Y, Liu B, Luan H, Vadas T, Guo W, Li B (2015) Self-sustained reduction of multiple metals in a microbial fuel cell\u2013microbial electrolysis cell hybrid system. Bioresour Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.05.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.05.030"},{"key":"12581_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li J, Liu K, Yan S, Li Y, Han D (2016) Application of thermal plasma technology for the treatment of solid wastes in China: an overview. Waste Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.06.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.06.011"},{"key":"12581_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maroufi S, Ciezki G, Jahanshahi S, Ostrovski O (2016) Carbothermal reduction of iron and silicon oxides in ironstone ore. Miner Process Extr Metall. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03719553.2016.1156800","DOI":"10.1080\/03719553.2016.1156800"},{"key":"12581_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Messerle VE, Mosse AL, Ustimenko AB (2018) Processing of biomedical waste in plasma gasifier. Waste Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.08.048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.08.048"},{"key":"12581_CR15","unstructured":"Moulder JF, Stickle WF, Sobol PE, Bomben KD (1992) Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: a reference book of standard spectra for identification and interpretation of XPS data."},{"key":"12581_CR16","unstructured":"Nelson LR (1996) The preparation of chromium metal by a sealed, cold-hearth, plasma-assisted aluminothermic method. J South Afr Inst Min Metall."},{"key":"12581_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pantazopoulou E, Zouboulis A (2020) Chromium recovery from tannery sludge and its ash, based on hydrometallurgical methods. Waste Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734242X19866903","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X19866903"},{"key":"12581_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prado ESP, Miranda FS, Petraconi G, Potiens JAJ (2020) Use of plasma reactor to viabilise the volumetric reduction of radioactive wastes. Radiat Phys Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.108625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.108625"},{"key":"12581_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rafati L, Mahvi AH, Asgari AR, Hosseini SS (2010) Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions using Lewatit FO36 nano ion exchange resin. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03326126","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03326126"},{"key":"12581_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sabat KC, Murphy AB (2017) Hydrogen plasma processing of iron ore. Metall Mater Trans B Process Metall Mater Process Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11663-017-0957-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-017-0957-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"12581_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-013-9484-2","volume":"34","author":"KC Sabat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sabat KC, Rajput P, Paramguru RK, Bhoi B, Mishra BK (2014) Reduction of oxide minerals by hydrogen plasma: An overview. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 34(1):1\u201323","journal-title":"Plasma Chem Plasma Process"},{"key":"12581_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saravanakumar R, Ramachandran K, Laly LG, Ananthapadmanabhan PV, Yugeswaran S (2018) Plasma assisted synthesis of \u03b3-alumina from waste aluminium dross. Waste Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.05.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.05.005"},{"key":"12581_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shinoda K, Murakami H, Sawabe Y, Saegusa K (2012) Ultrafast production of silicon via aluminothermic reduction of tetrachlorosilane in a thermal plasma jet. ChemEng J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2012.05.093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.05.093"},{"key":"12581_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spreitzer D, Schenk J (2019) Reduction of iron oxides with hydrogen- a review. Steel Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/srin.201900108","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.201900108"},{"key":"12581_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taylor PR, Wang W (2002) A laboratory investigation of the reduction of chromium oxide by a reverse-polarity DC plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis process. Plasma Chem Plasma P. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1015317116090","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015317116090"},{"key":"12581_CR26","unstructured":"TNPCB and YOU (2020) Standards for discharge of trade effluent, (TNPCB B.P. Ms. No. 30 Dated: 21.02.1984). Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB & YOU). May 2020. Page: 18-19.\u00a0https:\/\/tnpcb.gov.in\/pdf\/TNPCB&You2020.pdf. Accessed June 2020"},{"key":"12581_CR27","volume-title":"The CSIRO thermochemistry system, version 5","author":"AG Turnbull","year":"1988","unstructured":"Turnbull AG, Wadsley MW (1988) The CSIRO thermochemistry system, version 5. IMEC, Australia"},{"key":"12581_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vedmid LB, Krasikow SA, Merkushev AG (2018) Evolution of phase formation during the aluminothermic reduction of titanium and zirconium from oxides. Russ Metall. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S0036029518080189","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036029518080189"},{"key":"12581_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wenzel BM, Zimmer TH, Fernandez CS, Marcilio NR, Godinho M (2013) Aluminothermic reduction of Cr2O3 contained in the ash of thermally treated leather waste. Braz J ChemEng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0104-66322013000100016","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-66322013000100016"},{"key":"12581_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yeh CL (2016) Combustion synthesis: principles and applications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-803581-8.03743-7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803581-8.03743-7"},{"key":"12581_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yogeshwaran V, Priya AK (2016) Removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) using different natural adsorbents - a review. J Chromatogr Sep Tech 08. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2157-7064.1000392","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7064.1000392"},{"key":"12581_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yugeswaran S, Ananthapadmanabhan PV, Kumaresan L, Kuberan A, Sivakumar S, Shanmugavelayutham G, Ramachandran K (2018) Synthesis of zirconium nitride from zircon sand by transferred arc plasma assisted carbothermal reduction and nitridation process. Ceram Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.05.109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.05.109"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12581-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12581-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12581-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T18:29:30Z","timestamp":1637692170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12581-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"45","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12581-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}