{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T01:03:58Z","timestamp":1767143038737,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"26","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-track Research Funding Program.","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We conducted the current analysis to determine the potential role of polio vaccination in the context of the spread of COVID-19. Data were extracted from the World Health Organization\u2019s (WHO) Global Health Observatory data repository regarding the polio immunization coverage estimates and correlated to the overall morbidity and mortality for COVID-19 among different countries. Data were analyzed using R software version 4.0.2. Mean and standard deviation were used to represent continuous variables while we used frequencies and percentages to represent categorical variables. The Kruskal-Wallis\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    test was used for continuous variables since they were not normally distributed. Moreover, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rho) was used to determine the relationship between different variables. There was a significantly positive correlation between the vaccine coverage (%) and both of total cases per one million populations (rho = 0.37;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value &lt; 0.001) and deaths per one million populations (rho = 0.30;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value &lt; 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between different income groups and each of vaccine coverage (%) (rho = 0.71;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value &lt; 0.001), total cases per one million populations (rho = 0.50;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value &lt; 0.001), and deaths per one million populations (rho = 0.39;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value &lt; 0.001). All claims regarding the possible protective effect of Polio vaccination do not have any support when analyzing the related data. Polio vaccination efforts should be limited to eradicate the disease from endemic countries; however, there is no evidence to support the immunization with live-attenuated vaccines for the protection against COVID-19.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12861-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T09:03:09Z","timestamp":1614675789000},"page":"34611-34618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation between polio immunization coverage and overall morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa Adel","family":"Afify","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakan M.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Abdulrahman Mohammed","family":"Alzamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faten Abdulrahman","family":"Khorshid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumayyah Mohammad","family":"Almarshedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana Ghazi","family":"Alattas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talal Nabeel","family":"Alrawaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Bin-Jumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Abdel-Daim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Almohideb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"12861_CR1","volume-title":"Beneficial nonspecific effects of oral polio vaccine (OPV): implications for the cessation of OPV?","author":"P Aaby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aaby P, Benn CS (2017) Beneficial nonspecific effects of oral polio vaccine (OPV): implications for the cessation of OPV? Press US, Oxford University"},{"key":"12861_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.5RI0315-096R","volume":"98","author":"BA Blok","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blok BA, Arts RJ, van Crevel R, Benn CS, Netea MG (2015) Trained innate immunity as underlying mechanism for the long-term, nonspecific effects of vaccines. J Leukoc Biol 98:347\u2013356","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"12861_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/77.12.1755","volume":"77","author":"Y Chan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chan Y, Walmsley RP (1997) Learning and understanding the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis-of-variance-by-ranks test for differences among three or more independent groups. Phys Ther 77:1755\u20131762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/77.12.1755","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"12861_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Bree L, Koeken VA, Joosten LA, Aaby P, Benn CS, van Crevel R, Netea MG Non-specific effects of vaccines: current evidence and potential implications. In: Seminars in immunology, 2018. Elsevier, pp 35-43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.06.002"},{"key":"12861_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000079","volume":"21","author":"JC de Winter","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Winter JC, Gosling SD, Potter J (2016) Comparing the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients across distributions and sample sizes: a tutorial using simulations and empirical data. Psychol Methods 21:273\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000079","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"12861_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.01.002","volume":"452","author":"N Escriou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Escriou N, Callendret B, Lorin V, Combredet C, Marianneau P, F\u00e9vrier M, Tangy F (2014) Protection from SARS coronavirus conferred by live measles vaccine expressing the spike glycoprotein. Virology 452:32\u201341","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"12861_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.4030","volume":"173","author":"WG Glass","year":"2004","unstructured":"Glass WG, Subbarao K, Murphy B, Murphy PM (2004) Mechanisms of host defense following severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pulmonary infection of mice. J Immunol (Baltimore, Md : 1950) 173:4030\u20134039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.4030","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore, Md : 1950)"},{"key":"12861_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-003-0162-1","volume":"148","author":"JM Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez JM, Gomez-Puertas P, Cavanagh D, Gorbalenya AE, Enjuanes L (2003) A comparative sequence analysis to revise the current taxonomy of the family Coronaviridae. Arch Virol 148:2207\u20132235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-003-0162-1","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"12861_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.02.091","volume":"38","author":"K Harrison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harrison K, Rahimi N, Carolina Danovaro-Holliday M (2020) Factors limiting data quality in the expanded programme on immunization in low and middle-income countries: a scoping review. Vaccine 38:4652\u20134663","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"12861_CR10","unstructured":"Higgins J, Soares-Weiser K, Reingold A (2014) Systematic review of the non-specific effects of BCG, DTP and measles containing vaccines."},{"key":"12861_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i5170","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5170","volume":"355","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Higgins JP et al (2016) Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review. bmj 355:i5170","journal-title":"bmj"},{"key":"12861_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395:497\u2013506","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"12861_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen KJ, Benn CS, van Crevel R Unravelling the nature of non-specific effects of vaccines\u2014a challenge for innate immunologists. In: Seminars in immunology, 2016. vol 4. Elsevier, pp 377-383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2016.05.005"},{"key":"12861_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102828","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.102828","volume":"22","author":"N Karimi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karimi N, Sharifi Razavi A, Rouhani N (2020) Frequent convulsive seizures in an adult patient with COVID-19: a case report Iran. Red Crescent Med J 22:e102828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ircmj.102828","journal-title":"Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"12861_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar N, Kumar P, Badagabettu SN, Lewis MG, Adiga M, Padur AA (2018) Determination of Spearman correlation coefficient (r) to evaluate the linear association of dermal collagen and elastic fibers in the perspectives of skin injury. Dermatol Res Pract:4512840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/45128406","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/45128406"},{"key":"12861_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv499","volume":"213","author":"K Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li K et al (2016a) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4. J Infect Dis 213:712\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiv499","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"12861_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2443","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2443","volume":"4","author":"Z Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li Z, He W, Lan Y, Zhao K, Lv X, Lu H, Ding N, Zhang J, Shi J, Shan C, Gao F (2016b) The evidence of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus induced nonsuppurative encephalitis as the cause of death in piglets. PeerJ 4:e2443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.2443","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"12861_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu GH (2020) Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study medRxiv","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.24.20042937"},{"key":"12861_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.010322","volume":"10","author":"SE Mshelia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mshelia SE, Blackmore C, Archer R, Booth A (2020) Factors affecting the successful implementation of Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in low- and middle-income countries. J Glob Health 10:010322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.10.010322","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"12861_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4468-4","volume":"19","author":"C Munk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Munk C, Portnoy A, Suharlim C, Clarke-Deelder E, Brenzel L, Resch SC, Menzies NA (2019) Systematic review of the costs and effectiveness of interventions to increase infant vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Health Serv Res 19:741","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"12861_CR21","unstructured":"Worl Health Organization, Initiative GPE (2019) Polio endgame strategy 2019-2023: eradication, integration, certification and containment. World Health Organization"},{"key":"12861_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix354","volume":"65","author":"A Upfill-Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Upfill-Brown A, Taniuchi M, Platts-Mills JA, Kirkpatrick B, Burgess SL, Oberste MS, Weldon W, Houpt E, Haque R, Zaman K, Petri WA Jr (2017) Nonspecific effects of oral polio vaccine on diarrheal burden and etiology among Bangladeshi infants. Clin Infect Dis 65:414\u2013419","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14746-0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622851200000}}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12861-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12861-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12861-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T12:17:14Z","timestamp":1626092234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12861-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"26","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["12861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12861-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-14746-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-14746-0","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}