{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T17:10:58Z","timestamp":1784221858496,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"UWM RGI","award":["101x322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101x322"]}]},{"name":"UWM SURF"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Under the 1987 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, the lower Green Bay and Fox River estuary have been labeled as areas of concern due to the contamination of mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from industrialization. These pollutants pose substantial health and environmental hazards for the Green Bay region. The PCBs reported in this region, including Aroclor 1242, are known to trigger carcinogenic responses in animals and mercury targets the central nervous system and vital organs. Furthermore, these compounds are extremely difficult to remove from the environment once introduced. Extensive remedial actions have been implemented including dredging sediments in the Lower Fox River from DePere to Green Bay. The purpose of this study is to assess the concentration and distribution of Aroclor 1242 and total mercury in the Green Bay region sediments and pore waters and to assess the impact of interventions and the natural rates of change previously found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16417-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T22:02:47Z","timestamp":1632952967000},"page":"13323-13332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of concentration and distribution of total mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls in Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3575-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Lecus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad","family":"Haehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Garman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelby","family":"Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"16417_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1021\/es00038a007","volume":"27","author":"DR Achman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Achman DR, Hornbuckle KC, Eisenreich SJ (1993) Volatilization of polychlorinated biphenyls from Green Bay. Lake Michigan Environmental Science & Technology 27:75\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es00038a007","journal-title":"Lake Michigan Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"16417_CR2","unstructured":"Agency USEP (1977) Mercury Study Report to Congress Volume I: Executive Summary 1"},{"key":"16417_CR3","unstructured":"ATSDR (2011) Addendum for Polychlorinated Biphenyls Supplement to the 2000 Toxicological Profile for Polychlorinated Biphenyls vol April. Atlanta, GA"},{"key":"16417_CR4","unstructured":"ATSDR (2017) Toxic substances portal: toxicological profiles. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/tp17-c4.pdf. Accessed November 11 2017"},{"key":"16417_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1021\/es00015a019","volume":"25","author":"JE Baker","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baker JE, Eisenreich SJ, Eadie BJ (1991) Sediment trap fluxes and benthic recycling of organic carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorobiphenyl congeners in Lake. Superior Environmental Science & Technology 25:500\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es00015a019","journal-title":"Superior Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"16417_CR6","unstructured":"Bergquist L (2019) Final settelment reached over costs in massive cleanup of the Fox River in Green Bay Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"},{"key":"16417_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620210809","volume":"21","author":"D Cacela","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cacela D, Beltman DJ, Lipton J (2002) Polychlorinated biphenyl source attribution in Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA, using multivariate similarity among congener profiles in sediment samples. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21:1591\u20131599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.5620210809","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"16417_CR8","unstructured":"CLARC (2017) Notes on Chemical-Specific Parameters \u2013 Physical and Chemical Properties. Department of Ecology - State of Washington. https:\/\/fortress.wa.gov\/ecy\/clarc\/FocusSheets\/Physical&ChemicalParameters.htm. Accessed November 11 2017"},{"key":"16417_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.06.004","volume":"161","author":"A Dove","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dove A, Hill B, Klawunn P, Waltho J, Backus S, McCrea RC (2012) Spatial distribution and trends of total mercury in waters of the Great Lakes and connecting channels using an improved sampling technique. Environmental Pollution 161:328\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.06.004","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"16417_CR10","unstructured":"EPA (1984) EPA Method Study 18, Method 608: organochlorine pesticides and PCBs. U.S. EPA\/EMSL,"},{"key":"16417_CR11","unstructured":"EPA (1989) Green Bay-Fox River Mass Balance Study National Service Center for Environmental Publications:65"},{"key":"16417_CR12","unstructured":"EPA (2002) Method 1631, Revision E: Mercury in water by oxidation, purge and trap, and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. vol August."},{"key":"16417_CR13","unstructured":"EPA (2007) SW-846 Test Method 3546: Microwave Extraction vol February."},{"key":"16417_CR14","unstructured":"EPA (2017) Restoring Lower Green Bay\/Fox River AOC Accessed November 1 2017"},{"key":"16417_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1021\/es00077a017","volume":"24","author":"GE Glass","year":"1990","unstructured":"Glass GE, Sorensen JA, Schmidt KW, Rapp GR (1990a) NEW SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN THE GREAT-LAKES. Environmental Science & Technology 24:1059\u20131069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es00077a017","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"16417_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1021\/es00077a017","volume":"24","author":"GE Glass","year":"1990","unstructured":"Glass GE, Sorensen JA, Schmidt KW, Rapp GR (1990b) New source identification of mercury contamination in the Great Lakes. Environmental Science & Technology 24:1059\u20131069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es00077a017","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"16417_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01474648","volume":"20","author":"A Gurtner-Zimmermann","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gurtner-Zimmermann A (1996) Analysis of Lower Green Bay and Fox River, Collingwood Harbour, Spanish Harbour, and the Metro Toronto and Region remedial action plan (RAP) processes. Environmental Management 20:449\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01474648","journal-title":"Environmental Management"},{"key":"16417_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(91)71345-2","volume":"17","author":"MH Hermanson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hermanson MH, Christensen ER, Buser DJ, Chen L-M (1994) Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Dated Sediment Cores from Green Bay and Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research 17:94\u2013108","journal-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research"},{"key":"16417_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1021\/es970685b","volume":"32","author":"JP Hurley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hurley JP, Cowell SE, Shafer MM, Hughes PE (1998) Partitioning and transport of total and methyl mercury in the Lower Fox River, Wisconsin. Environmental Science & Technology 32:1424\u20131432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es970685b","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"16417_CR20","unstructured":"Klump V (2015) Personal communication."},{"key":"16417_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2014.47.2.74","volume":"47","author":"KM Rice","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rice KM, Walker EM Jr, Wu M, Gillette C, Blough ER (2014) Environmental mercury and its toxic effects. J Prev Med Public Health 47:74\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/jpmph.2014.47.2.74","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"16417_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(00)70696-4","volume":"26","author":"R Rossman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rossman R, Edington D (2000) Mercury in Green Bay, Lake Michigan Surficial Sediments Collected between 1987 and 1990. Journal of Great Lakes Research 26:323\u2013339","journal-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research"},{"key":"16417_CR23","unstructured":"Sheppard S, Long J, Sanipelli B, Sohlenius G (2009) Solid\/liquid partition coefficients (Kd) for selected soils and sediments at Forsmark and Laxemar-Simpevarp. Sweden"},{"key":"16417_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steuer SAfaJJ (1996) The Fox River PCB Transport Study - Stepping Stone to a Healthy Great Lakes Ecosystem. U.S. Geological Survey. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3133\/fs11696","DOI":"10.3133\/fs11696"},{"key":"16417_CR25","unstructured":"Stratus (2000) Restoration and Compensation Determination Plan (RCDP) - Lower Fox River\/Green Bay Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Boulder, CO"},{"key":"16417_CR26","unstructured":"ThermoRetec (1999) Draft RI: Lower Fox River, Wisconsin. vol February. ThermoRetec Consulting Corp. and Natural Resource Technology, Inc.,"},{"key":"16417_CR27","unstructured":"USFWS (2016) 2016 Update to the Restoration Plan and Environmental Assessment. https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/midwest\/es\/ec\/nrda\/foxrivernrda\/. Accessed Nov 11 2017"},{"key":"16417_CR28","unstructured":"USGS (2000) A mass-balance approach for assessing PCB movement during remediation of a PCB-contaminated deposit on the Fox River, Wisconsin vol December."},{"key":"16417_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(94)71159-X","volume":"20","author":"M Velleux","year":"1994","unstructured":"Velleux M, Endicott D (1994) Development of a Mass Balance Model for Estimating PCB Export from the Lower Fox River to Green Bay. Journal of Great Lakes Research 20:416\u2013434","journal-title":"Journal of Great Lakes Research"},{"key":"16417_CR30","unstructured":"WDNR (2012) Remedial Action Plan Update for the Lower Green Bay and Fox River Area of Concern:6"},{"key":"16417_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"000086","DOI":"10.12952\/journal.elementa.000086","volume":"4","author":"R Yin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yin R, Lepak RF, Krabbenhoft DP, Hurley JP (2016) Sedimentary records of mercury stable isotopes in Lake Michigan. Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene 4:000086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12952\/journal.elementa.000086","journal-title":"Elementa-Science of the Anthropocene"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16417-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16417-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16417-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T07:39:56Z","timestamp":1643614796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16417-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["16417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16417-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}