{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T13:57:31Z","timestamp":1771509451134,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007614","name":"Al Jouf University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40\/370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40\/370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16481-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T07:04:47Z","timestamp":1631862287000},"page":"11320-11331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Spirulina platensis protects against microcystin-LR-induced toxicity in rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mousa O.","family":"Germoush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maged M. A.","family":"Fouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4341-2713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Abdel-Daim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"16481_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072991","volume":"8","author":"MM Abdel-Daim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abdel-Daim MM, Abuzead SM, Halawa SM (2013) Protective role of Spirulina platensis against acute deltamethrin-induced toxicity in rats. PloS one 8(9):e72991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0072991","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"8","key":"16481_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8080","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04249-4","volume":"26","author":"MM Abdel-Daim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdel-Daim MM, Ahmed A, Ijaz H, Abushouk AI, Ahmed H, Negida A, Aleya L, Bungau SG (2019a) Influence of Spirulina platensis and ascorbic acid on amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Environmental science and pollution research 26(8):8080\u20138086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-04249-4","journal-title":"Environmental science and pollution research"},{"issue":"2","key":"16481_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2014.998368","volume":"37","author":"MM Abdel-Daim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdel-Daim MM, Farouk SM, Madkour FF, Azab SS (2015) Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Spirulina platensis in comparison to Dunaliella salina in acetic acid-induced rat experimental colitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 37(2):126\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08923973.2014.998368","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"16481_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309175","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1309175","volume":"2019","author":"MM Abdel-Daim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdel-Daim MM, Sayed AA, Abdeen A, Aleya L, Ali D, Alkahtane AA, Alarifi S, Alkahtani S (2019b) Piperine enhances the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of thymoquinone against microcystin-lr-induced hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity in mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:1309175\u20131309110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/1309175","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"4","key":"16481_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3578-0","volume":"22","author":"NKM Abdelkhalek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abdelkhalek NKM, Ghazy EW, Abdel-Daim MM (2015) Pharmacodynamic interaction of Spirulina platensis and deltamethrin in freshwater fish Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: impact on lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22(4):3023\u20133031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-014-3578-0","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"16481_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","volume":"105","author":"H Aebi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121\u2013126","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"issue":"3","key":"16481_CR7","first-page":"68","volume":"6","author":"W Ahmad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmad W, Emdadul Haque ATM, Jamshed F, Saad A, Al-Jasabi S (2014) Prevention of formation of toxic carbonyl and aldehyde compounds in BALB\/C micehepatocytes caused by the toxicity of microcystin-LR using hydroxytyrosol extracted from Zizyphusspina-christi. Toxicological Sciences 6(3):68\u201373","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"16481_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arman T, Lynch KD, Montonye ML, Goedken M, Clarke JD (2019) Sub-chronic microcystin-LR liver toxicity in preexisting diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Toxins 11(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins11070398","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11070398"},{"issue":"4","key":"16481_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2008.2892","volume":"8","author":"N Avdagic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Avdagic N, Cosovic E, Nakas-Icindic E, Mornjakovic Z, Zaciragic A, Hadzovic-Dzuvo A (2008) Spirulina platensis protects against renal injury in rats with gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis. Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences 8(4):331\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17305\/bjbms.2008.2892","journal-title":"Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences"},{"key":"16481_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/s0300-483x(02)00491-2","volume":"181-182","author":"SM Azevedo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Azevedo SM, Carmichael WW, Jochimsen EM, Rinehart KL, Lau S, Shaw GR, Eaglesham GK (2002) Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in Caruaru-Brazil. Toxicology 181-182:441\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0300-483x(02)00491-2","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"7","key":"16481_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/19.7.766","volume":"19","author":"AL Babson","year":"1973","unstructured":"Babson AL, Babson SR (1973) Kinetic colorimetric measurement of serum lactate dehydrogenase activity. Clinical Chemistry 19(7):766\u2013769","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"16481_CR12","first-page":"161","volume":"15","author":"OM Basha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Basha OM, Hafez RA, El-Ayouty YM, Mahrous KF, Bareedy MH, Salama AM (2008) C-Phycocyanin inhibits cell proliferation and may induce apoptosis in human HepG2 cells. Egypt J Immunol 15:161\u2013167","journal-title":"Egypt J Immunol"},{"key":"16481_CR13","first-page":"882","volume":"61","author":"E Beutler","year":"1963","unstructured":"Beutler E, Duron O, Kelly BM (1963) Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J Lab Clin Med 61:882\u2013888","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11010268","volume":"11","author":"A Campos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campos A, Vasconcelos V (2010) Molecular mechanisms of microcystin toxicity in animal cells. International journal of molecular sciences 11(1):268\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms11010268","journal-title":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"key":"16481_CR15","volume-title":"Assessment of Blue-Green Algal Toxins in Raw and Finished Drinking Water","author":"WW Carmichael","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carmichael WW (2001) Assessment of Blue-Green Algal Toxins in Raw and Finished Drinking Water. Denver, AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"16481_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20146","volume":"20","author":"J Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen J, Xie P (2005) Seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic microcystins in various organs of four freshwater bivalves from the large eutrophic lake Taihu of subtropical China and the risk to human consumption. Environmental toxicology 20(6):572\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.20146","journal-title":"Environmental toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp009","volume":"108","author":"J Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen J, Xie P, Li L, Xu J (2009) First identification of the hepatotoxic microcystins in the serum of a chronically exposed human population together with indication of hepatocellular damage. Toxicol Sci. 108(1):81\u201389","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci."},{"key":"16481_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.07.056","volume":"96","author":"S Corbel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Corbel S, Mougin C, Bouaicha N (2014) Cyanobacterial toxins: modes of actions, fate in aquatic and soil ecosystems, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation in agricultural crops. Chemosphere 96:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.07.056","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"16481_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/9.1.102","volume":"9","author":"JJ Coulombe","year":"1963","unstructured":"Coulombe JJ, Favreau L (1963) A new simple semimicro method for colorimetric determination of urea. Clin Chem 9:102\u2013108","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"16481_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059177","volume":"8","author":"GE El-Desoky","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Desoky GE, Bashandy SA, Alhazza IM, Al-Othman ZA, Aboul-Soud MA, Yusuf K (2013) Improvement of mercuric chloride-induced testis injuries and sperm quality deteriorations by Spirulina platensis in rats. PloS one 8(3):e59177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0059177","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"3","key":"16481_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.08.012","volume":"203","author":"WJ Fischer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fischer WJ, Altheimer S, Cattori V, Meier PJ, Dietrich DR, Hagenbuch B (2005) Organic anion transporting polypeptides expressed in liver and brain mediate uptake of microcystin. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 203(3):257\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2004.08.012","journal-title":"Toxicology and applied pharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"16481_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.04.003","volume":"50","author":"M Gargouri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gargouri M, Ghorbel-Koubaa F, Bonenfant-Magne M, Magne C, Dauvergne X, Ksouri R, Krichen Y, Abdelly C, El Feki A (2012) Spirulina or dandelion-enriched diet of mothers alleviates lead-induced damages in brain and cerebellum of newborn rats. Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 50(7):2303\u20132310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2012.04.003","journal-title":"Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association"},{"key":"16481_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2003.10.012","volume":"36","author":"MM Gehringer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gehringer MM, Shephard EG, Downing TG, Wiegand C, NeilanBA (2004) An investigation into the detoxification of microcystin-LR by the glutathione pathway in Balb\/c mice. IntJ Biochem Cell Biol 36:931\u2013941","journal-title":"IntJ Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"16481_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(82)90118-X","volume":"126","author":"LC Green","year":"1982","unstructured":"Green LC, Wagner DA, Glogowski J, Skipper PL, Wishnok JS (1982) Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N] nitrate in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 126:131\u2013138","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23312-7","volume":"8","author":"B Greer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greer B, Meneely JP, Elliott CT (2018) Uptake and accumulation of microcystin-LR based on exposure through drinking water: an animal model assessing the human health risk. Scientific Reports 8(1):4913","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"16481_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s1113","volume":"108","author":"BC Hitzfeld","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hitzfeld BC, Hoger SJ, Dietrich DR (2000) Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment. Environmental health perspectives 108(Suppl 1):113\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.00108s1113","journal-title":"Environmental health perspectives"},{"issue":"8","key":"16481_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6073-y","volume":"23","author":"Y Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu Y, Chen J, Fan H, Xie P, He J (2016) A review of neurotoxicity of microcystins. Environmental science and pollution research 23(8):7211\u20137219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-016-6073-y","journal-title":"Environmental science and pollution research"},{"key":"16481_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7278(199902)14:1<61::AID-TOX10>3.0.CO;2-R","volume":"14","author":"AR Humpage","year":"1999","unstructured":"Humpage AR, Falconer IR (1999) MCYST-LR and liver tumor promotion: effects on cytokinesis, ploidy, and apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes. Environ Toxicol 14:61\u201376","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"16481_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/00984100050131305","volume":"61","author":"AR Humpage","year":"2000","unstructured":"Humpage AR, Hardy SJ, Moore EJ, Froscio SM, Falconer IR (2000) Microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) in drinking water enhance the growth of aberrant crypt foci in the mouse colon. Journal of toxicology and environmental health Part A 61(3):155\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00984100050131305","journal-title":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health Part A"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.22074\/cellj.2015.520","volume":"17","author":"AE Ibrahim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ibrahim AE, Abdel-Daim MM (2015) Modulating effects of Spirulina platensis against tilmicosin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Cell J 17(1):137\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22074\/cellj.2015.520","journal-title":"Cell J"},{"issue":"9","key":"16481_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/s0041-0101(97)00026-3","volume":"35","author":"E Ito","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ito E, Kondo F, Terao K, Harada K (1997) Neoplastic nodular formation in mouse liver induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of microcystin-LR. Toxicon: official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 35(9):1453\u20131457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0041-0101(97)00026-3","journal-title":"Toxicon: official journal of the International Society on Toxinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"16481_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084768","volume":"8","author":"J Jiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiang J, Shan Z, Xu W, Wang X, Zhou J, Kong D, Xu J (2013) Microcystin-LR induced reactive oxygen species mediate cytoskeletal disruption and apoptosis of hepatocytes in Cyprinus carpio L. PloS one 8(12):e84768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0084768","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"7","key":"16481_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030701822045","volume":"25","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Xie P, Chen J, Liang G (2008) Detection of the hepatotoxic microcystins in 36 kinds of cyanobacteria Spirulina food products in China. Food additives & contaminants Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment 25(7):885\u2013894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02652030701822045","journal-title":"Food additives & contaminants Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2010.2743","volume":"10","author":"P Jovanovi\u0107","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jovanovi\u0107 P, \u017dori\u0107 L, Stefanovi\u0107 I (2010) Lactate dehydrogenase and oxidative stress activity in primary open-angle glaucoma aqueous humour. Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences 10(1):83\u201388","journal-title":"Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2008.02.021","volume":"72","author":"A Karadeniz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karadeniz A, Cemek M, Simsek N (2009) The effects of Panax ginseng and Spirulina platensis on hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in rats. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 72(1):231\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2008.02.021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and environmental safety"},{"issue":"11","key":"16481_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2522","volume":"22","author":"A Karadeniz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Karadeniz A, Yildirim A, Simsek N, Kalkan Y, Celebi F (2008) Spirulina platensis protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Phytother Res 22(11):1506\u20131510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.2522","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"16481_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1159","volume":"26","author":"M Khan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khan M, Shobha JC, Mohan IK, M.U. RN, Prayag A (2006) Spirulina attenuates cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Appl Toxicol 26:444\u2013451","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"16481_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2174\/138920105774370607","volume":"6","author":"Z Khan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khan Z, Bhadouria P, Bisen PS (2005) Nutritional and therapeutic potential of Spirulina. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology 6(5):373\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138920105774370607","journal-title":"Current pharmaceutical biotechnology"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"16481_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1039\/c0fo00163e","volume":"2","author":"GC Kuriakose","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuriakose GC, Kurup MG (2011) Antioxidant and antihepatotoxic effect of Spirulina laxissima against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Food Funct 2(3-4):190\u2013196","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"16481_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(72)90146-5","volume":"38","author":"K Larsen","year":"1972","unstructured":"Larsen K (1972) Creatinine assay in the presence of protein with LKB 8600 Reaction Rate Analyser. Clin Chim Acta 38:475\u2013476","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"16481_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.02.018","volume":"102","author":"Y Lone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lone Y, Bhide M, Koiri RK (2017) Amelioratory effect of coenzyme Q10 on potential human carcinogen Microcystin-LR induced toxicity in mice. Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 102:176\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2017.02.018","journal-title":"Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association"},{"key":"16481_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214041","volume":"443","author":"B Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li B, Liu Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xie P (2021) Research progress in the functionalization of microcystin-LR based on interdisciplinary technologies. Coord Chem Rev 443:214041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214041","journal-title":"Coord Chem Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"16481_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22017","volume":"30","author":"S Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li S, Chen J, Xie P, Guo X, Fan H, Yu D, Zeng C, Chen L (2015) The role of glutathione detoxification pathway in MCLR-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats. Environ Toxicol. 30(12):1470\u20131480","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol."},{"issue":"11","key":"16481_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993758","volume":"103","author":"J Lu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lu J, Ren DF, Wang JZ, Sanada H, Egashira Y (2010) Protection by dietary Spirulina platensis against D-galactosamine--and acetaminophen-induced liver injuries. The British journal of nutrition 103(11):1573\u20131576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114509993758","journal-title":"The British journal of nutrition"},{"issue":"6-8","key":"16481_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2018.1532701","volume":"21","author":"IY Massey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Massey IY, Zhang X, Yang F (2018) Importance of bacterial biodegradation and detoxification processes of microcystins for environmental health. Journal of toxicology and environmental health Part B, Critical reviews 21(6-8):357\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10937404.2018.1532701","journal-title":"Journal of toxicology and environmental health Part B, Critical reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(78)90342-1","volume":"86","author":"M Mihara","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mihara M, Uchiyama M (1978) Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test. Analytical Biochemistry 86(1):271\u2013278","journal-title":"Analytical Biochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.07.007","volume":"51","author":"ZA Mohamed","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mohamed ZA (2008) Toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in public hot springs in Saudi Arabia. Toxicon: official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 51(1):17\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.07.007","journal-title":"Toxicon: official journal of the International Society on Toxinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"16481_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10111","volume":"18","author":"ZA Mohamed","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mohamed ZA, Carmichael WW, Hussein AA (2003) Estimation of microcystins in the freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus in an Egyptian fish farm containing a Microcystis bloom. Environmental toxicology 18(2):137\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.10111","journal-title":"Environmental toxicology"},{"key":"16481_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-006-0231-8","volume":"58","author":"IK Mohan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mohan IK, Khan M, Shobha JC, Naidu MU, Prayag A (2006) Protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by Spirulina in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 58:802\u2013808","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"16481_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(72)80218-3","volume":"46","author":"M Nishikimi","year":"1972","unstructured":"Nishikimi M, Rao NA, Yagi K (1972) The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 46(2):849\u2013854","journal-title":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications"},{"issue":"11","key":"16481_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00724-9","volume":"31","author":"J Nordberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nordberg J, Arn\u00e9r ESJ (2001) Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 31(11):1287\u20131312","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR52","first-page":"158","volume":"70","author":"DE Paglia","year":"1967","unstructured":"Paglia DE, Valentine WN (1967) Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 70(1):158\u2013169","journal-title":"The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"16481_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(98)00107-X","volume":"1425","author":"S Pflugmacher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pflugmacher S, Wiegand C, Oberemm A, Beattie KA, Krause E, Codd GA, Steinberg CE (1998) Identification of an enzymatically formed glutathione conjugate of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR: the first step of detoxication. Biochim Biophys Acta 1425:527\u2013533","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"16481_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3725","volume":"277","author":"CM Reddy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reddy CM, Bhat VB, Kiranmai G, Reddy MN, Reddanna P, Madyastha KM (2000) Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 277(3):599\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3725","journal-title":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/28.1.56","volume":"28","author":"S Reitman","year":"1957","unstructured":"Reitman S, Frankel S (1957) A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 28(1):56\u201363","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"16481_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.2570060303","volume":"6","author":"NA Robinson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Robinson NA, Matson CF, Pace JG (1991) Association of microcystin-LR and its biotransformation product with a hepatic-cytosolic protein. Journal of biochemical toxicology 6(3):171\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbt.2570060303","journal-title":"Journal of biochemical toxicology"},{"key":"16481_CR57","first-page":"561","volume":"11","author":"Z Romanowska-Duda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Romanowska-Duda Z, Mankiewicz J, Tarczynska M, Walter Z, Zalewski M (2002) The effect of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) on water plants and animal cells. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 11:561\u2013566","journal-title":"Polish Journal of Environmental Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"16481_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203033487216","volume":"4","author":"C Romay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Romay C, Gonzalez R, Ledon N, Remirez D, Rimbau V (2003) C-phycocyanin: a bili protein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Curr Protein Pept Sci 4(3):207\u2013216","journal-title":"Curr Protein Pept Sci"},{"issue":"33","key":"16481_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1401712111","volume":"111","author":"S Salzano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salzano S, Checconi P, Hanschmann EM (2014) Linkage of inflammation and oxidative stress via release of glutathionylated peroxiredoxin-2, which acts as a danger signal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(33):12157\u201312162","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"16481_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-045037","volume":"86","author":"H Sies","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sies H, Berndt C, Jones DP (2017) Oxidative stress. Annual Review of Biochemistry 86(1):715\u2013748","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biochemistry"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"16481_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.09.041","volume":"164","author":"N Simsek","year":"2009","unstructured":"Simsek N, Karadeniz A, Kalkan Y, Keles ON, Unal B (2009) Spirulina platensis feeding inhibited the anemia- and leucopenia-induced lead and cadmium in rats. Journal of hazardous materials 164(2-3):1304\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.09.041","journal-title":"Journal of hazardous materials"},{"issue":"6","key":"16481_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(90)90156-D","volume":"8","author":"Y Sun","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sun Y (1990) Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes, and carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 8(6):583\u2013599","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"16481_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szasz G, Waldenstrom J, Gruber W (1979) Creatine kinase in serum: Inhibition by endogenous polyvalent cations, and effect of chelators on the activity and stability of some assay components. Clin Chem 25(3) (3):446-452.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/25.3.446"},{"issue":"9","key":"16481_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0440-5","volume":"117","author":"S Thaakur","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thaakur S, Sravanthi R (2010) Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Journal of neural transmission 117(9):1083\u20131091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-010-0440-5","journal-title":"Journal of neural transmission"},{"key":"16481_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/29.5.751","volume":"29","author":"NW Tietz","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tietz NW, Burtis CA, Duncan P, Ervin K, Petitclerc CJ (1983) A reference method for measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in human serum. Clin Chem 29:751\u2013761","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"16481_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1135","volume":"17","author":"CD Upasani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Upasani CD, Balaraman R (2003) Protective effect of Spirulina on lead-induced deleterious changes in the lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidants in rats. Phytother Res 17(4):330\u2013334","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"16481_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8384","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01441","volume":"51","author":"K Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang K, Garg S, Waite TD (2017) Light-mediated reactive oxygen species generation and iron redox transformations in the presence of exudate from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Environmental science & technology 51(15):8384\u20138395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.7b01441","journal-title":"Environmental science & technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"16481_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2021.100092","volume":"2","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang H, Xu C, Liu Y, Jeppesen E, Svenning J-C, Wu J, Zhang W, Zhou T, Wang P, Nangombe S, Ma J, Duan H, Fang J, Xie P (2021) From unusual suspect to serial killer: Cyanotoxins boosted by climate change may jeopardize megafauna. The Innovation 2(2):100092","journal-title":"The Innovation"},{"key":"16481_CR69","unstructured":"Wannemacher RW (1989) Chemical stability and laboratory safety of naturally occurring toxins. Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease."},{"issue":"4","key":"16481_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.4.1353-1370.1998","volume":"62","author":"DM Ward","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ward DM, Ferris MJ, Nold SC, Bateson MM (1998) A natural view of microbial biodiversity within hot spring cyanobacterial mat communities. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR 62(4):1353\u20131370","journal-title":"Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR"},{"key":"16481_CR71","unstructured":"WHO (1998) Cyanobacterial toxins: microcystin-LR in drinking- water Environmental Health 2:1\u201314"},{"issue":"8","key":"16481_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01469790","volume":"54","author":"U Wurzburg","year":"1976","unstructured":"Wurzburg U, Hennrich N, Lang H, Prellwitz W, Neumeier D, Knedel M (1976) Determination of creatine kinase-MB in serum using inhibiting antibodies. Klin Wochenschr 54(8):357\u2013360","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"issue":"15","key":"16481_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8801","DOI":"10.1021\/es4007228","volume":"47","author":"P Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu P, Zhang XX, Miao C, Fu Z, Li Z, Zhang G, Zheng M, Liu Y, Yang L, Wang T (2013) Promotion of melanoma cell invasion and tumor metastasis by microcystin-LR via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/AKT pathway. Environmental science & technology 47(15):8801\u20138808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es4007228","journal-title":"Environmental science & technology"},{"key":"16481_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8278454","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8278454","volume":"2019","author":"AWK Yeung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeung AWK, Tzvetkov NT, El-Tawil OS, Bung\u01ceu SG, Abdel-Daim MM, Atanasov AG (2019) Antioxidants: scientific literature landscape analysis. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019:8278454\u20138278411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/8278454","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"},{"issue":"5","key":"16481_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10075","volume":"17","author":"A Yokoyama","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yokoyama A, Park HD (2002) Mechanism and prediction for contamination of freshwater bivalves (Unionidae) with the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin in hypereutrophic Lake Suwa, Japan. Environmental toxicology 17(5):424\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.10075","journal-title":"Environmental toxicology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16481-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16481-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16481-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T05:16:41Z","timestamp":1643260601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16481-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["16481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16481-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Research Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, permitted the experimental scheme and animal management (the approval no 2020089). We took all the possible procedures to reduce rat sufferance.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All authors approve this submission.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable as the study did not includes human subject.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}