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To understand the selectors of the ARGs, we examined the occurrence of heavy metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn), associated ARB (\u03b2-lactam-resistant <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, \u03b2-lactam-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae) and ARGs (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>OXA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>CTX-M<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>IMP<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>TEM<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>) in water and sediments from two sub-urban rivers receiving urban and hospital effluent waters in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). High abundances of ARB and ARGs were observed in all sediment samples. All the metal contents correlated negatively with grain size (\u2212\u20090.94\u2009\u2264\u2009<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.54, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) except for Ni and positively with organic matter content and total copies of 16\u00a0s rRNA (0.42\u2009\u2264\u2009<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.79, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), except for Ni and Zn. The metals had a significant positive correlation with the faecal indicator <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> except for Ni and Cd (0.43\u2009\u2264\u2009<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.67, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae correlated negatively with Zn (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.44, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and positively with all the rest of toxic metals (0.58\u2009\u2264\u2009<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20091.0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). These results suggested that some metals had a great influence on the persistence of ARB and ARGs in sediments. Overall, this study strongly recommends the managing urban wastewater to preserve water resources used for human and agricultural purposes. Additionally, we recommend the utilizing biological indicators (faecal indicator bacteria, ARB, ARGs) when investigating urban wastewater pollutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17115-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T10:02:44Z","timestamp":1636106564000},"page":"20530-20541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Occurrence of toxic metals and their selective pressure for antibiotic-resistant clinically relevant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes in river receiving systems under tropical conditions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Dhafer Mohammed M.","family":"Al Salah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandine","family":"Laffite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Periyasamy","family":"Sivalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Pot\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"17115_CR1","first-page":"187","volume":"30","author":"AC Achudume","year":"2009","unstructured":"Achudume AC, Olawale JT (2009) Occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in waste site of Ede south west Nigeria. 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