{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:58:17Z","timestamp":1793228297353,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17694-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T12:11:04Z","timestamp":1637669464000},"page":"23736-23749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Study and evaluation of the characteristics of saline wastewater (brine) produced by desalination and industrial plants"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4889-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Argyris","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"17694_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdulsalam A, Idris A, Mohamed TA, Ahsan A (2017) An integrated technique using solar and evaporation ponds for effective brine disposal management. Int J Sustain Energy 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786451.2015.1135923","DOI":"10.1080\/14786451.2015.1135923"},{"key":"17694_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420019797","volume-title":"Validation of pharmaceutical processes","author":"J Agalloco","year":"2007","unstructured":"Agalloco J, Carleton FJ (2007) Validation of pharmaceutical processes, third edn. CRC Press","edition":"third edition"},{"key":"17694_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almanaseer N, Hindiyeh M, Al-assaf R (2020) Hydrological and environmental impact of wastewater treatment and reuse on Zarqa river basin in Jordan. Environ - MDPI 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/environments7020014","DOI":"10.3390\/environments7020014"},{"key":"17694_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/00207233.2017.1389567","volume":"75","author":"F Ameen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ameen F, Stagner JA, Ting DSK (2018) The carbon footprint and environmental impact assessment of desalination. Int J Environ Stud 75:45\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207233.2017.1389567","journal-title":"Int J Environ Stud"},{"key":"17694_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bardi U (2010) Extracting minerals from seawater: an energy analysis. Sustainability 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su2040980","DOI":"10.3390\/su2040980"},{"key":"17694_CR6","volume-title":"A multidisciplinary introduction to desalination english","author":"A Bazargan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bazargan A (2018) A multidisciplinary introduction to desalination english. Stylus Publishing, LLC"},{"key":"17694_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benaissa M, Rouane-Hacene O, Boutiba Z et al (2017) Ecotoxicological impact assessment of the brine discharges from a desalination plant in the marine waters of the Algerian west coast, using a multibiomarker approach in a limpet, Patella rustica. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-017-0081-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0081-4"},{"key":"17694_CR8","unstructured":"Blondes MS, Gans KD, Rowan EL et al (2016) U.S. Geological Survey National Produced Waters Geochemical Database v2.2 (PROVISIONAL) Documentation. USGS"},{"key":"17694_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borup BM, Joe Middlebrooks E (2018) Pollution control in the petrochemicals industry","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351075862"},{"key":"17694_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chandra R, Pradhan S, Patel A, Ghosh UK (2021) An approach for dairy wastewater remediation using mixture of microalgae and biodiesel production for sustainable transportation. J Environ Manage 297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113210"},{"key":"17694_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.07.056","volume":"224","author":"GQ Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen GQ, Talebi S, Gras SL et al (2018a) A review of salty waste stream management in the Australian dairy industry. J Environ Manage 224:406\u2013413","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"17694_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2017.11.029","volume":"428","author":"LH Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen LH, Huang A, Chen YR et al (2018b) Omniphobic membranes for direct contact membrane distillation: effective deposition of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Desalination 428:255\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2017.11.029","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"17694_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/15422119.2018.1496452","volume":"48","author":"GQ Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen GQ, Gras SL, Kentish SE (2019) Separation technologies for salty wastewater reduction in the dairy industry. Sep \\& Purif Rev 48:325\u2013353","journal-title":"Sep \\& Purif Rev"},{"key":"17694_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3390\/met10050607","volume":"10","author":"WS Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen WS, Lee CH, Chung YF et al (2020) Recovery of rubidium and cesium resources from brine of desalination through t-BAMBP extraction. Metals (Basel) 10:607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met10050607","journal-title":"Metals (Basel)"},{"key":"17694_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen CY, Wang SW, Kim H et al (2021) Non-conventional water reuse in agriculture: a circular water economy. Water Res 199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117193"},{"key":"17694_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cinperi NC, Ozturk E, Yigit NO, Kitis M (2019) Treatment of woolen textile wastewater using membrane bioreactor, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for reuse in production processes. J Clean Prod 223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.166"},{"key":"17694_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.08.008","volume":"147","author":"J Dasgupta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dasgupta J, Sikder J, Chakraborty S et al (2015) Remediation of textile effluents by membrane based treatment techniques: a state of the art review. J Environ Manage 147:55\u201372","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"17694_CR18","first-page":"2895","volume":"4","author":"UB Deshannavar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deshannavar UB, Basavaraj RK, Naik NM (2012) High rate digestion of dairy industry effluent by upflow anaerobic fixed-bed reactor. J Chem Pharm Res 4:2895\u20132899","journal-title":"J Chem Pharm Res"},{"key":"17694_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.049","volume":"80","author":"P Dhanke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhanke P, Wagh S, Patil A (2019) Treatment of fish processing industry wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitational reactor with biodegradability improvement. Water Sci Technol 80:2310\u20132319","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"key":"17694_CR20","volume-title":"Dows minimal liquid discharge approach takes center stage","author":"Dow Water Solutions","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dow Water Solutions (2018) Dows minimal liquid discharge approach takes center stage. Dow Water Solutions"},{"key":"17694_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El Zayat H, Nasr P, Sewilam H (2021) Investigating sustainable management of desalination brine through concentration using forward osmosis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-13311-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13311-z"},{"key":"17694_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eshete DG, Sinshaw BG, Legese KG (2020) Critical review on improving irrigation water use efficiency: advances, challenges, and opportunities in the Ethiopia context. Water-Energy Nexus 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wen.2020.09.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wen.2020.09.001"},{"key":"17694_CR23","unstructured":"European Commission (2017) 2017 List of critical raw materials for the EU. Off J Eur Union COM 2017"},{"key":"17694_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2011.08.007","volume":"57","author":"B Farizoglu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Farizoglu B, Uzuner S (2011) The investigation of dairy industry wastewater treatment in a biological high performance membrane system. Biochem Eng J 57:46\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bej.2011.08.007","journal-title":"Biochem Eng J"},{"key":"17694_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghalavand A, Hatamipour MS, Ghalavand Y (2021) Clean treatment of rejected brine by zero liquid discharge thermal desalination in Persian Gulf countries. Clean Technol Environ Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10098-021-02187-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10098-021-02187-9"},{"key":"17694_CR26","volume-title":"Sustainable desalination handbook: plant selection, design and implementation","author":"VG Gude","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gude VG (2018a) Sustainable desalination handbook: plant selection, design and implementation. Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"key":"17694_CR27","volume-title":"Renewable energy powered desalination handbook: application and thermodynamics","author":"VG Gude","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gude VG (2018b) Renewable energy powered desalination handbook: application and thermodynamics. Butterworth-Heinemann"},{"key":"17694_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo Z, Sun Y, Pan SY, Chiang PC (2019) Integration of green energy and advanced energy-efficient technologies for municipal wastewater treatment plants. Int J Environ Res Public Health:16","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071282"},{"key":"17694_CR29","volume-title":"Desalination Markets 2016: Global perspective and opportunities for growth","author":"GWI","year":"2015","unstructured":"GWI (2015) Desalination Markets 2016: Global perspective and opportunities for growth. Media Analytics Limited"},{"key":"17694_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.12.005","volume":"172","author":"\u00c9 Hansen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hansen \u00c9, Rodrigues MAS, Arag\u00e3o ME, Aquim PM (2018) Water and wastewater minimization in a petrochemical industry through mathematical programming. J Clean Prod 172:1814\u20131822","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"17694_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herrero-Gonzalez M, Diaz-Guridi P, Dominguez-Ramos A et al (2018) Photovoltaic solar electrodialysis with bipolar membranes. Desalination 433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2018.01.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2018.01.015"},{"key":"17694_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herrero-Gonzalez M, Admon N, Dominguez-Ramos A et al (2020) Environmental sustainability assessment of seawater reverse osmosis brine valorization by means of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-04788-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04788-w"},{"key":"17694_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1515\/revce-2017-0030","volume":"35","author":"NF Himma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Himma NF, Prasetya N, Anisah S, Wenten IG (2019) Superhydrophobic membrane: Progress in preparation and its separation properties. Rev Chem Eng 35:211\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/revce-2017-0030","journal-title":"Rev Chem Eng"},{"key":"17694_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susmat.2018.e00074","volume":"17","author":"M Hofmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hofmann M, Hofmann H, Hagel\u00fcken C, Hool A (2018) Critical raw materials: a perspective from the materials science community. Sustain Mater Technol 17:e00074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.susmat.2018.e00074","journal-title":"Sustain Mater Technol"},{"key":"17694_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huo S, Chen J, Zhu F et al (2019) Filamentous microalgae Tribonema sp. cultivation in the anaerobic\/oxic effluents of petrochemical wastewater for evaluating the efficiency of recycling and treatment. Biochem Eng J:145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bej.2019.02.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2019.02.011"},{"key":"17694_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.01.006","volume":"204","author":"V Jegatheesan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jegatheesan V, Pramanik BK, Chen J et al (2016) Treatment of textile wastewater with membrane bioreactor: a critical review. Bioresour Technol 204:202\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.01.006","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"17694_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2021.115389","volume":"521","author":"G Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji G, Wang W, Chen H et al (2022) Sustainable potassium chloride production from concentrated KCl brine via a membrane-promoted crystallization process. Desalination 521:115389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.desal.2021.115389","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"17694_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.069","volume":"574","author":"AJ Kondash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kondash AJ, Albright E, Vengosh A (2017) Quantity of flowback and produced waters from unconventional oil and gas exploration. Sci Total Environ 574:314\u2013321","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"17694_CR39","volume-title":"Marine impacts of seawater desalination: science, management, and policy","author":"N Kress","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kress N (2019) Marine impacts of seawater desalination: science, management, and policy. Elsevier"},{"key":"17694_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118904855","volume-title":"Desalination: Water from Water","author":"J Kucera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kucera J (2014) Desalination: Water from Water. John Wiley \\& Sons"},{"key":"17694_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar A, Pan S-Y (2020) Opportunities and challenges for renewable energy integrated water-energy nexus technologies. Water-Energy Nexus:3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wen.2020.03.006"},{"key":"17694_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladewig B, Asquith B (2012) Desalination concentrate management. Springer Science \\& Business Media","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24852-8"},{"key":"17694_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.043","volume":"512\u2013513","author":"Y Lester","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lester Y, Ferrer I, Thurman EM et al (2015) Characterization of hydraulic fracturing flowback water in Colorado: Implications for water treatment. Sci Total Environ 512\u2013513:637\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.043","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"17694_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Pei S, Pan SY et al (2018) Carbonation and utilization of basic oxygen furnace slag coupled with concentrated water from electrodeionization. J CO2 Util:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcou.2018.03.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2018.03.003"},{"key":"17694_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li M, Li K, Wang L, Zhang X (2020) Feasibility of concentrating textile wastewater using a hybrid forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) process: Performance and economic evaluation. Water Res 172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115488"},{"key":"17694_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liyanaarachchi S, Shu L, Muthukumaran S et al (2014) Problems in seawater industrial desalination processes and potential sustainable solutions: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-013-9326-y"},{"key":"17694_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma K, Qin Z, Zhao Z et al (2016) Toxicity evaluation of wastewater collected at different treatment stages from a pharmaceutical industrial park wastewater treatment plant. Chemosphere:158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.05.052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.05.052"},{"key":"17694_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mansour F, Alnouri SY, Al-Hindi M et al (2018) Screening and cost assessment strategies for end-of-pipe zero liquid discharge systems. J Clean Prod 179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.064"},{"key":"17694_CR49","unstructured":"Mickley M (2018) Updated and Extended Survey of U.S. municipal desalination plants, DWPR Report No., 207, U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. Bureau of Reclamation"},{"key":"17694_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jart.2017.01.012","volume":"15","author":"H Mirbolooki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mirbolooki H, Amirnezhad R, Pendashteh AR (2017) Treatment of high saline textile wastewater by activated sludge microorganisms. J Appl Res Technol 15:167\u2013172","journal-title":"J Appl Res Technol"},{"key":"17694_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2005.02.035","volume":"182","author":"AMO Mohamed","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mohamed AMO, Maraqa M, Al Handhaly J (2005) Impact of land disposal of reject brine from desalination plants on soil and groundwater. Desalination 182:411\u2013433","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"17694_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2016.01.010","volume":"100","author":"S Munirasu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Munirasu S, Haija MA, Banat F (2016) Use of membrane technology for oil field and refinery produced water treatment_a review. Process Saf Environ Prot 100:183\u2013202","journal-title":"Process Saf Environ Prot"},{"key":"17694_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan SY, Haddad AZ, Kumar A, Wang SW (2020) Brackish water desalination using reverse osmosis and capacitive deionization at the water-energy nexus. Water Res. 183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116064"},{"key":"17694_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A (2020a) A comparative study on minimum and actual energy consumption for the treatment of desalination brine. Energy 212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118733"},{"key":"17694_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/er.4948","volume":"44","author":"A Panagopoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A (2020b) Process simulation and techno-economic assessment of a zero liquid discharge\/multi-effect desalination\/thermal vapor compression (ZLD\/MED\/TVC) system. Int J Energy Res 44:473\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/er.4948","journal-title":"Int J Energy Res"},{"key":"17694_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A (2020c) Techno-economic evaluation of a solar multi-effect distillation\/thermal vapor compression hybrid system for brine treatment and salt recovery. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2020.107934"},{"key":"17694_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21009","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13332-8","volume":"28","author":"A Panagopoulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A (2021a) Water-energy nexus: desalination technologies and renewable energy sources. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:21009\u201321022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"17694_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A (2021b) Beneficiation of saline effluents from seawater desalination plants: Fostering the zero liquid discharge (ZLD) approach - a techno-economic evaluation. J Environ Chem Eng 9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105338"},{"key":"17694_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A (2021c) Energetic, economic and environmental assessment of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) brackish water and seawater desalination systems. Energy Convers Manag 235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.113957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.113957"},{"key":"17694_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.12.007","volume":"146","author":"A Panagopoulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A (2021d) Techno-economic assessment of minimal liquid discharge (MLD) treatment systems for saline wastewater (brine) management and treatment. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 146:656\u2013669","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"17694_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A, Haralambous KJ (2020a) Minimal Liquid discharge (MLD) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery-analysis, challenges and prospects. J Environ Chem Eng 8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104418"},{"key":"17694_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A, Haralambous KJ (2020b) Environmental impacts of desalination and brine treatment - challenges and mitigation measures. Mar Pollut Bull 161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111773"},{"key":"17694_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A, Haralambous KJ, Loizidou M (2019) Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies - a review. Sci Total Environ 693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351"},{"key":"17694_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-019-00398-w","volume":"26","author":"A Panagopoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panagopoulos A, Loizidou M, Haralambous KJ (2020) Stainless steel in thermal desalination and brine treatment: current status and prospects. Met Mater Int 26:1463\u20131482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12540-019-00398-w","journal-title":"Met Mater Int"},{"key":"17694_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99417-8","volume-title":"Introduction to oceanographic and biological aspects of the Red Sea","author":"NMA Rasul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rasul NMA, Stewart ICF, Vine P, Nawab ZA (2019) Introduction to oceanographic and biological aspects of the Red Sea. Springer"},{"key":"17694_CR66","volume-title":"Flex EDR advanced electrodialysis reversal (EDR)","author":"Saltworks Technologies Inc","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saltworks Technologies Inc (2018) Flex EDR advanced electrodialysis reversal (EDR). Saltworks Technologies Inc."},{"key":"17694_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahmansouri A, Min J, Jin L, Bellona C (2015) Feasibility of extracting valuable minerals from desalination concentrate: a comprehensive literature review. J Clean Prod 100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.03.031"},{"key":"17694_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song Y, Li H, Han Y et al (2020) Landfill leachate as an additional substance in the Johannesburg-Sulfur autotrophic denitrification system in the treatment of municipal wastewater with low strength and low COD\/TN ratio. Bioresour Technol 295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122287"},{"key":"17694_CR69","unstructured":"Statistica Data (2021) Primary magnesium production worldwide from 2010 to 2020. Statistica"},{"key":"17694_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-409547-2.12278-4","volume":"2","author":"RA Tufa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tufa RA, Curcio E, Fontananova E, Di Profio G (2017) 3.8 Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water: pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO), reverse electrodialysis (RED), and capacitive mixing (CAPMIX). Compr Membr Sci Eng 2:206\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-12-409547-2.12278-4","journal-title":"Compr Membr Sci Eng"},{"key":"17694_CR71","volume-title":"Sustainable water management for recycling & reuse","author":"Veolia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Veolia (2014) Sustainable water management for recycling & reuse. Veolia Water Technologies"},{"key":"17694_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhuang S (2019) Removal of cesium ions from aqueous solutions using various separation technologies. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-019-09499-9"},{"key":"17694_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang X, Jiang L, Gai Z et al (2018) The plasticity of indigenous microbial community in a full-scale heavy oil-produced water treatment plant. J Hazard Mater:358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.06.049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.06.049"},{"key":"17694_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Q, Liang J, Zhang S et al (2020) Characteristics of bacterial populations in an industrial scale petrochemical wastewater treatment plant: composition, function and their association with environmental factors. Environ Res 189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109939"},{"key":"17694_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng D, Duan H, Hou Y et al (2020) Introduction of manganese based lithium-ion Sieve-a review. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2020.01.017"},{"key":"17694_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511977817","volume-title":"Ocean dynamics and the carbon cycle","author":"RG Williams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Williams RG, Follows MJ (2011) Ocean dynamics and the carbon cycle. Cambridge University Press"},{"key":"17694_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan J, Yuan W, Liu J et al (2019) An integrated process of chemical precipitation and sulfate reduction for treatment of flue gas desulphurization wastewater from coal-fired power plant. J Clean Prod:228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.227"},{"key":"17694_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang Y, Sun Y, Song X, Yu J (2021) Separation of mono- and di-valent ions from seawater reverse osmosis brine using selective electrodialysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-10014-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10014-9"},{"key":"17694_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.07.021","volume":"33","author":"QQ Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang QQ, Tian BH, Zhang X et al (2013) Investigation on characteristics of leachate and concentrated leachate in three landfill leachate treatment plants. Waste Manag 33:2277\u20132286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.07.021","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"key":"17694_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang L, Sun W et al (2020) Membrane technologies for Li+\/Mg2+ separation from salt-lake brines and seawater: a comprehensive review. J Ind Eng Chem 81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.09.002"},{"key":"17694_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.10.053","volume":"294","author":"H Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu H, Xu W, Tan G et al (2019) Carbonized peat moss electrodes for efficient salinity gradient energy recovery in a capacitive concentration flow cell. Electrochim Acta 294:240\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.10.053","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-17694-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-021-17694-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-17694-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T07:39:43Z","timestamp":1649057983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-021-17694-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["17694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-17694-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The author declares no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}