{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:56:38Z","timestamp":1790193398347,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010575","name":"Consejo Nacional de Rectores","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010575","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005388","name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1460078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1460078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universidad Nacional"},{"name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica Nacional"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18299-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T02:07:27Z","timestamp":1641953247000},"page":"32845-32854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Modeling the formation of trihalomethanes in rural and semi-urban drinking water distribution networks of Costa Rica"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3489-0251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Enrique","family":"Kelly-Coto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Gamboa-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Mora-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Salas-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basilio","family":"Silva-Narv\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Antill\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Macario","family":"Pino-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7191-3195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Guillermo","family":"Romero-Esquivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"18299_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2014.922565","volume":"96","author":"SM Abdel Azeem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abdel Azeem SM, Burham N, Borik MG, El Shahat MF (2014) Trihalomethanes formation in water treatment plants and distribution lines: a monitoring and modeling scheme. Toxicol Environ Chem 96:12\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02772248.2014.922565","journal-title":"Toxicol Environ Chem"},{"key":"18299_CR2","unstructured":"Acu\u00f1a-Fern\u00e1ndez E (2004) Regression analysis. Department of Mathematics,\u00a0 Universidad de Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (in Spanish)\u00a0"},{"key":"18299_CR3","first-page":"3393","volume":"10","author":"WB Al-Tmemy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Tmemy WB, Alfatlawy YF, Khudair SH (2018) Seasonal variation and modeling of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water distribution systems of Wassit Province Southeast Iraq. J Pharm Sci Res 10:3393\u20133399","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci Res"},{"key":"18299_CR4","volume-title":"Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater","author":"APHA","year":"2017","unstructured":"APHA, AWWA, WEF (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 23rd edn. America Public Health Association, Washington, DC","edition":"23"},{"key":"18299_CR5","unstructured":"Arellano-Hartig F, Garita-Incer A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Jim\u00e9nez A, Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez R, Quesada-Rodr\u00edguez J, Villalobos-Jim\u00e9nez A (2020) National diagnosis of operating entities (survey 2017\u20132020). AyA, San Jos\u00e9 (in Spanish)"},{"key":"18299_CR6","unstructured":"AyA (2016) National policy for the drinking water subsector of Costa Rica 2017\u20132030. Comisi\u00f3n Interinstitucional, San Jos\u00e9 (in Spanish)"},{"key":"18299_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2015.211","volume":"13","author":"AA Babaei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Babaei AA, Atari L, Ahmadi M, Ahmadiangali K, Zamanzadeh M, Alavi N (2015) Trihalomethanes formation in Iranian water supply systems: predicting and modeling. J Water Health 13:859\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2015.211","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"18299_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2166\/wqrj.2008.022","volume":"43","author":"S Chowdhury","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chowdhury S, Champagne P, James McLellan P (2008) Factors influencing formation of trihalomethanes in drinking water: results from multivariate statistical investigation of the Ontario drinking water surveillance program database. Water Qual Res J 43:189\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wqrj.2008.022","journal-title":"Water Qual Res J"},{"key":"18299_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.04.006","volume":"407","author":"S Chowdhury","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chowdhury S, Champagne P, McLellan PJ (2009) Models for predicting disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in drinking waters: a chronological review. Sci Total Environ 407:4189\u20134206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.04.006","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"18299_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.062703","volume":"68","author":"N Costet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Costet N, Villanueva CM, Jaakkola JJK, Kogevinas M, Cantor KP, King WD, Lynch CF, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Cordier S (2011) Water disinfection by-products and bladder cancer: is there a European specificity? A pooled and meta-analysis of European caseecontrol studies. Occup Environ Med 68:379\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oem.2010.062703","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"18299_CR11","first-page":"3.1","volume-title":"Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinking Water","author":"JK Edzwald","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edzwald JK, Tobiason JE (2011) Chemical principles, source water composition, and watershed protection. In: Edzwald JK (ed) Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinking Water, 6th edn. McGraw-Hill Education, New York, p 3.1-3.76","edition":"6"},{"key":"18299_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2013.871042","volume":"12","author":"M Feungpean","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feungpean M, Panyapinyopol B, Elefsiniotis P, Fongsatitkul P (2015) Development of statistical models for trihalomethane (THM) occurrence in a water distribution network in Central Thailand. Urban Water J 12:275\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1573062X.2013.871042","journal-title":"Urban Water J"},{"key":"18299_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00058-9","volume":"47","author":"SK Golfinopoulos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Golfinopoulos SK, Arhonditsis GB (2002) Multiple regression models: a methodology for evaluating trihalomethane concentrations in drinking water from raw water characteristics. Chemosphere 47:1007\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00058-9","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"18299_CR14","unstructured":"IARC (2021) Agents classified by the IARC monographs. https:\/\/monographs.iarc.who.int\/list-of-classifications. Accessed 7 Oct 2021"},{"key":"18299_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139890","volume":"739","author":"S Kargaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kargaki S, Iakovides M, Stephanou EG (2020) Study of the occurrence and multi-pathway health risk assessment of regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products in drinking and swimming pool waters of Mediterranean cities. Sci Total Environ 739:139890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139890","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"18299_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4553-0","volume":"22","author":"M Kumari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kumari M, Gupta S (2015) Modeling of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water supplies: a case of study of eastern part of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:12615\u201312623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-015-4553-0","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"18299_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111360","volume":"276","author":"L Kurajica","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kurajica L, Ujevi\u0107 Bo\u0161njak M, Novak Stankov M, Kinsela AS, \u0160tigli\u0107 J, Waite DT, Capak K (2020) Disinfection by-products in Croatian drinking water supplies with special emphasis on the water supply network in the city of Zagreb. J Environ Manage 276:111360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111360","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"18299_CR18","first-page":"7","volume":"144","author":"P Manso","year":"2005","unstructured":"Manso P, Ortiz W, Fallas J (2005) The precipitation regime in Costa Rica. Ambientico 144:7\u20138 (in Spanish)","journal-title":"Ambientico"},{"key":"18299_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123159","volume":"273","author":"MA Mazhar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mazhar MA, Khan NA, Ahmed S, Khan AH, Hussain A, Rahisuddin CF, Yousefi M, Ahmadi S, Vambol V (2020) Chlorination disinfection by-products in municipal drinking water \u2014 a review. J Clean Prod 273:123159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123159","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"18299_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"69","author":"MINSA","year":"2018","unstructured":"MINSA (2018) Regulation for the quality of drinking water. Diario Oficial La Gaceta 69:1\u201349","journal-title":"Diario Oficial La Gaceta"},{"key":"18299_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2013.07.0305","volume":"43","author":"R Mukundan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mukundan R, Van Dreason R (2014) Predicting trihalomethanes in the New York City water supply. J Environ Qual 43:611\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/jeq2013.07.0305","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"key":"18299_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2003.11.008","volume":"55","author":"AD Nikolaou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nikolaou AD, Golfinopoulos SK, Arhonditsis GB, Kolovoyiannis V, Lekkas TD (2004) Modeling the formation of chlorination by-products in river waters with different quality. Chemosphere 55:409\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2003.11.008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"18299_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118345054","volume-title":"Applied regression modeling","author":"I Pardoe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pardoe I (2012) Applied regression modeling. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey"},{"key":"18299_CR24","unstructured":"PEN, CONARE (2020) Chapter 10: balance 2020 harmony with nature. In: State of the Nation Report. San Jos\u00e9, pp 339\u2013380 (in Spanish)"},{"key":"18299_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp371","volume":"39","author":"MB Rahman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rahman MB, Driscoll T, Cowie C, Armstrong BK (2010) Disinfection by-products in drinking water and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 39:733\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyp371","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"18299_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103939","volume":"8","author":"SD Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson SD, Plewa MJ (2020) To regulate or not to regulate? What to do with more toxic disinfection by-products? J Environ Chem Eng 8:103939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103939","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"key":"18299_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2166\/aqua.2000.0006","volume":"49","author":"MJ Rodriguez","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rodriguez MJ, S\u00e9rodes J, Morin M (2000) Estimation of water utility compliance with trihalomethane regulations using a modelling approach. J Water Supply Res Technol - AQUA 49:57\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/aqua.2000.0006","journal-title":"J Water Supply Res Technol - AQUA"},{"key":"18299_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470128442","volume-title":"Modern engineering statistics","author":"TP Ryan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ryan TP (2007) Modern engineering statistics. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey"},{"key":"18299_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.11193-5","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Environmental Health","author":"R Sadiq","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sadiq R, Rodriguez MJ, Mian HR (2019) Empirical models to predict disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water: an updated review. In: Nriagu J (ed) Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 324\u2013338"},{"key":"18299_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salam E, Bassam AF, Salwan A, Nadhir AA (2020) Modeling of trihalomethane compounds formation in Baghdad water supply network. Sci Rev Eng Environ Sci 29:136\u2013144 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22630\/PNIKS.2020.29.2.12","DOI":"10.22630\/PNIKS.2020.29.2.12"},{"key":"18299_CR31","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez L (2019) Current situation of community organizations that provide drinking water and sanitation services. State of the Nation Program, San Jos\u00e9 (in Spanish)"},{"key":"18299_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0219-4","volume":"149","author":"L Semerjian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Semerjian L, Dennis J, Ayoub G (2009) Modeling the formation of trihalomethanes in drinking waters of Lebanon. Environ Monit Assess 149:429\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-008-0219-4","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"18299_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00840-8","volume":"51","author":"JB S\u00e9rodes","year":"2003","unstructured":"S\u00e9rodes JB, Rodriguez MJ, Li H, Bouchard C (2003) Occurrence of THMs and HAAs in experimental chlorinated waters of the Quebec City area (Canada). Chemosphere 51:253\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00840-8","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"18299_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24594","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05490-7","volume":"27","author":"NK Shahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahi NK, Maeng M, Dockko S (2020) Models for predicting carbonaceous disinfection by-products formation in drinking water treatment plants: a case study of South Korea. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:24594\u201324603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-05490-7","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"18299_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.3390\/w12051422","volume":"12","author":"S Tsitsifli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsitsifli S, Kanakoudis V (2020) Developing THMs\u2019 predictive models in two water supply systems in Greece. Water (switzerland) 12:1422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w12051422","journal-title":"Water (switzerland)"},{"key":"18299_CR36","first-page":"69390","volume":"63","author":"US Epa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Epa US (1998) National primary drinking water regulations: disinfectants and disinfection byproducts. Fed Reg 63:69390\u201369476","journal-title":"Fed Reg"},{"key":"18299_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP103","volume":"125","author":"JM Wright","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wright JM, Evans A, Kaufman JA, Rivera-N\u00fa\u00f1ez Z, Narotsky MG (2017) Disinfection by-product exposures and the risk of specific cardiac birth defects. Environ Health Perspect 125:269\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP103","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-18299-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-021-18299-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-021-18299-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T06:04:18Z","timestamp":1651730658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-021-18299-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["18299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-18299-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-974746\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}