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Foundation samples were collected in 2019 from nine commercial manufacturers for analysis of 21 pesticides using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Individual samples showed the variability and residue ranges and pooled samples represented the average annual residue values of the Swiss production. In total, 17 pesticides were identified and 13 pesticides were quantified. They included 13 acaricides and\/or insecticides, two fungicides as well as a synergist and a repellent. The means calculated from individual samples were similar to the average annual residue values for most tested pesticides. Mean values of 401, 236, 106 and 3\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> were obtained for the beekeeping-associated contaminants coumaphos, <jats:italic>tau<\/jats:italic>-fluvalinate, bromopropylate and N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-formamide (DMF; breakdown product of amitraz), respectively. For the other pesticides, the mean values were 203\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (synergist piperonyl butoxide), 120\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (repellent <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, DEET), 19\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (chlorfenvinphos) and 4\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> ((E)-fenpyroximate), while the means for acrinathrin, azoxystrobin, bendiocarb, boscalid, chlorpyrifos, flumethrin, permethrin, propoxur and thiacloprid were below the limit of quantification (&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>LOQ<\/jats:italic>). Individual samples contained from seven to 14 pesticides. The ranges of values for coumaphos and piperonyl butoxide (from 14 to 4270\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; from 6 to 1555\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, respectively) were larger as compared to the ranges of values for DEET and <jats:italic>tau<\/jats:italic>-fluvalinate (from\u2009&lt;\u2009<jats:italic>LOQ<\/jats:italic> to 585\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; from 16 to 572\u00a0\u03bcg\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, respectively). In conclusion, the most prominent contaminants were the pesticides coumaphos and <jats:italic>tau<\/jats:italic>-fluvalinate, which are both acaricides with previous authorization for beekeeping in Switzerland, followed by piperonyl butoxide, a synergist to enhance the effect of insecticides.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18363-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T20:02:50Z","timestamp":1641931370000},"page":"32054-32064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evaluation of pesticide residues in commercial Swiss beeswax collected in 2019 using ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Joshua N. 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