{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T18:26:06Z","timestamp":1766427966110,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005876","name":"Biotieteiden ja Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6n Tutkimuksen Toimikunta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005876","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"Helsingin Yliopisto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Turku (UTU) including Turku University Central Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long-term exposure to primary air pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and nitrogen oxides (NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>), alters the structure and functions of forest ecosystems. Many biochemical and biogeochemical processes discriminate against the heavier isotopes in a mixture; thus, the values of \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N (i.e. the ratio of stable isotopes <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C to <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>C and that of <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\u00a0N to <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\u00a0N, respectively) may give insights into changes in ecosystem processes and identify the immediate drivers of these changes. We studied sources of variation in the \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values in the foliage of eight boreal forest C3 plants at 10 sites located at the distance of 1\u201340\u00a0km from the Monchegorsk nickel-copper smelter in Russia. From 1939\u20122019, this smelter emitted over 14,000,000 metric tons (t) of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, 250,000 t of metals, primarily nickel and copper, and 140,000 t of NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>. The \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C value in evergreen plants and the \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N value in all plants increased near the smelter independently of the plant mycorrhizal type. We attribute the pollution-related increase in the foliar \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C values of evergreen species mainly to direct effects of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> on stomatal conductance, in combination with pollution-related water stress, which jointly override the potential opposite effect of increasing ambient CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentration on \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C values. Stomatal uptake of NO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> and root uptake of <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N-enriched organic N compounds and NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> may explain the increased foliar \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N values and elevated foliar N concentrations, especially in the evergreen trees (<jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris<\/jats:italic>), close to Monchegorsk, where the soil inorganic N supply is reduced due to the impact of long-term SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and heavy metal emissions on plant biomass. We conclude that, despite the uncertainties in interpreting \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N responses to pollution, the Monchegorsk smelter has imposed and still imposes a great impact on C and N cycling in the surrounding N-limited subarctic forest ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19261-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T03:03:44Z","timestamp":1645671824000},"page":"48880-48892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Foliar stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in boreal forest plants exposed to long-term pollution from the nickel-copper smelter at Monchegorsk, Russia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Sirkku","family":"Manninen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vitali","family":"Zverev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9500-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail V.","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"19261_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/s0269-7491(02)002222-1","volume":"121","author":"M Agrawal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Agrawal M, Deepak SS (2003) Physiological and biochemical responses of two cultivars of wheat to elevated levels of CO2 and SO2, singly and in combination. Environ Pollut 121:189\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0269-7491(02)002222-1","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050710","volume":"118","author":"M Ammann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ammann M, Siegwolf R, Pichlmayer F, Suter M, Saurer M, Brunold C (1999) Estimating the uptake of traffic-derived NO2 from 15N abundance in Norway spruce needles. Oecologia 118:124\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004420050710","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"19261_CR3","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Kola peninsula pollutants and forest ecosystems in Lapland","author":"P Anttila","year":"1995","unstructured":"Anttila P, Barrett K, Derome J, Hillamo R, Jalkanen L, Juntto S, Jurvelin J, Kubin E, Laurila T, Lindroos A-J, L\u00e4ttil\u00e4 H, M\u00e4kel\u00e4 T, M\u00e4kinen M, Pakkanen T, Poikolainen J, Reissell A, Ryaboshapko A, Saari H, Tuovinen J-P, Virkkula A (1995) Air quality and deposition. In: Tikkanen E, Niemel\u00e4 I (eds) Kola peninsula pollutants and forest ecosystems in Lapland. Finland\u2019s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, pp 29\u201333"},{"key":"19261_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1111\/\/j.1365-2486.2007.01431.x","volume":"13","author":"NR Betson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Betson NR, Johannisson C, Ottosson L\u00f6fvenius M, Grip H, Granstr\u00f6m A, H\u00f6gberg P (2007) Variation in the \u03b413C of foliage of Pinus sylvestris L. in relation to climate and additions of nitrogen: analysis of a 32-year chronology. Glob Change Biol 13:2317\u20132328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/\/j.1365-2486.2007.01431.x","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"key":"19261_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15761","volume":"223","author":"I Bourgeois","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bourgeois I, Cl\u00e9ment J-C, Caillon N, Savarino J (2019) Foliar uptake of atmospheric nitrate by two dominant subalpine plants: insights from in situ triple-isotope analysis. New Phytol 223:1784\u20131974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nph.15761","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"19261_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00384.x","volume":"142","author":"RW Brooker","year":"1999","unstructured":"Brooker RW, Callaghan TV, Jonasson S (1999) Nitrogen uptake by rhizomes of the clonal sedge Carex bigelowii: a previously overlooked nutritional benefit of rhizomatous growth. New Phytol 142:35\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00384.x","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"19261_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050163","volume":"110","author":"JR Brooks","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brooks JR, Flanagan LB, Buchmann N, Ehleringer JR (1997) Carbon isotope composition of boreal plants: functional grouping of life forms. Oecologia 110:301\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004420050163","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"19261_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u010cada V, \u0160antr\u016f\u010dkova\u0301 H, \u0160antr\u00f9\u00e8ek J, Kubi\u0161tova\u0301 L, Seedre M, Svoboda M (2016) Complex physiological response of Norway spruce to atmospheric pollution \u2013 decreased carbon isotope discrimination and unchanged tree biomass increment. Frontiers in Plant Science 7, 805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpls.2016.00805","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00805"},{"key":"19261_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.03.016","volume":"213","author":"W-J Choi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Choi W-J, Chang SX, Allen HL, Kelting DL, Ro H-M (2005) Irrigation and fertilization effects on foliar and soil carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in a loblolly pine stand. For Ecol Manage 213:90\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.03.016","journal-title":"For Ecol Manage"},{"key":"19261_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00378-8","volume":"35","author":"LJ Clapp","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clapp LJ, Jenkin ME (2001) Analysis of the relationship between ambient levels of O3, NO2, and NO as a function of NOx in the UK. Atmos Environ 35:6391\u20136405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00378-8","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"19261_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.3390\/f11080864","volume":"11","author":"C Cocozza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cocozza C, Paoletti E, Mrak T, Zavadlav S, Levanic T, Kraigher H, Giovanelli A, Hoshika Y (2020) Isotopic and water relation responses to ozone and water stress in seedlings of three oak species with different adaptation strategies. Forests 11:864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f11080864","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"19261_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.02917.x","volume":"183","author":"JM Craine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craine JM, Elmore AJ, Aidar MPM, Bustamante M, Dawson TE, Hobbie EA, Kahmen A, Mack MC, McLauchlan KK, Michelsen A, Nardoto GB, Pardo LH, Pe\u00f1uelas J, Reich PB, Schuur EAG, Stock WD, Templer PH, Virginia RA, Welker JM, Wright IJ (2009) Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability. New Phytol 183:980\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.02917.x","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"19261_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095451","volume":"33","author":"TE Dawson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dawson TE, Mambelli S, Plamboeck AH, Templer PH, Tu KP (2002) Stable isotopes in plant ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:507\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095451","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"19261_CR14","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Kola peninsula pollutants and forest ecosystems in Lapland","author":"J Derome","year":"1995","unstructured":"Derome J, V\u00e4re H, Lindroos A-J, Nikonov V, Niska K, Ohtonen R (1995) The impact of deposition on forest soils. In: Tikkanen E, Niemel\u00e4 I (eds) Kola peninsula pollutants and forest ecosystems in Lapland. Finland\u2019s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Finnish Forest Research Institute, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, pp 35\u201338"},{"key":"19261_CR15","first-page":"121","volume":"9","author":"GD Farquhar","year":"1972","unstructured":"Farquhar GD, O\u2019Leary MH, Berry JA (1972) On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Aust J Plant Physiol 9:121\u2013137","journal-title":"Aust J Plant Physiol"},{"key":"19261_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.40.060189.002443","volume":"40","author":"GD Farquhar","year":"1989","unstructured":"Farquhar GD, Ehleringer JR, Hubick KT (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 40:503\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.pp.40.060189.002443","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol"},{"key":"19261_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28861","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01235","volume":"102","author":"LB Flanagan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Flanagan LB, Brooks JR, Ehleringer JR (1997a) Photosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination in boreal forest ecosystems: a comparison of functional characteristics in plants from three mature forest types. J Geophys Res 102:28861\u201328869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97JD01235","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"19261_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1029\/96GB03941","volume":"11","author":"LB Flanagan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Flanagan LB, Brooks JR, Varney GT, Ehleringer JR (1997b) Discrimination against C18O16O during photosynthesis and the oxygen isotope ratio of respired CO2 in boreal forest ecosystems. Global Biogeochem Cycles 11:83\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/96GB03941","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem Cycles"},{"key":"19261_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garten CT JR (1993) Variation in foliar 15N abundance and the availability of soil nitrogen on Walker Branch Watershed. Ecology 74, 2098\u20132113.\u00a0https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1940855. Accessed 4 Nov 2020","DOI":"10.2307\/1940855"},{"key":"19261_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebauer G, Schulze E-D (1991) Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in different compartments of a healthy and a declining Picea abies forest in the Fichtelgebirge, NE Bavaria. Oecologia 87, 198\u2013207.\u00a0https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4219682. Accessed 14 Oct 2020","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00325257"},{"key":"19261_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/10256019308046133","volume":"29","author":"G Gebauer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gebauer G, Dietrich P (1993) Nitrogen isotope ratios in different compartments of a mixed stand of spruce, larch and beech trees and of understorey vegetation including fungi. Isot Environ Health Stud 29:35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10256019308046133","journal-title":"Isot Environ Health Stud"},{"key":"19261_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00509.x","volume":"156","author":"A Ge\u00dfler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ge\u00dfler A, Rienks M, Rennenberg H (2002) Stomatal uptake and cuticular adsorption contribute to dry deposition of NH3 and NO2 to needles of adult spruce (Picea abies) trees. New Phytol 156:179\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00509.x","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"19261_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.08.042","volume":"43","author":"MR Guerrieri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guerrieri MR, Siegwolf RTW, Saurer M, J\u00e4ggi M, Cherubini P, Ripullone F, Borghetti M (2009) Impact of different nitrogen emission sources on tree physiology as assessed by a triple stable isotope approach. Atmos Environ 43:410\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.08.042","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"19261_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67562-w","volume":"10","author":"R Guerrieri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guerrieri R, Vanguelova E, Pitman R, Benham S, Perks M, Morison JIL, Mencuccini M (2020) Climate and atmospheric deposition effects on forest water-use efficiency and nitrogen availability across Britain. Nat Sci Rep 10:12418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-67562-w","journal-title":"Nat Sci Rep"},{"key":"19261_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1071\/PP98146","volume":"26","author":"LL Handley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Handley LL, Austin AT, Robinson D, Scrimgeour CM, Raven JA, Heaton THE, Schmidt S, Stewart GR (1999) The natural 15N abundance (\u03b415N) of ecosystem samples reflects measures of water availability. Aust J Plant Physiol 26:185\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/PP98146","journal-title":"Aust J Plant Physiol"},{"key":"19261_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1997.00808.x","volume":"137","author":"P H\u00f6gberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"H\u00f6gberg P (1997) 15N natural abundance in soil-plant systems. New Phytol 137:179\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1997.00808.x","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"19261_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00404.x","volume":"142","author":"P H\u00f6gberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"H\u00f6gberg P, H\u00f6gberg MN, Quist ME, Ekblad A, N\u00e4sholm T (1999) Nitrogen isotope fractionation during nitrogen uptake by ectomycorrhizal and non-ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris. New Phytol 142:569\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00404.x","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"19261_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7992","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02235","volume":"51","author":"T Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang T, Zhu X, Zhong Q, Yun X, Meng W, Li B, Ma J, Zeng EY, Tao S (2017) Spatial and temporal trends in global emissions of nitrogen oxides from 1960 to 2014. Environ Sci Technol 51:7992\u20138000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.7b02235","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"19261_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(97)00053-5","volume":"97","author":"K Jung","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jung K, Gebauer G, Gehre M, Hofmann D, Wei\u00dfflog L, Sch\u00fc\u00fcrmann G (1997) Anthropogenic impacts on natural nitrogen isotope variations in Pinus sylvestris stands in an industrially polluted area. Environ Pollut 97:175\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0269-7491(97)00053-5","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2008.12.013","volume":"53","author":"MG Kenward","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kenward MG, Roger JH (2009) An improved approximation to the precision of fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Comput Stat Data Anal 53:2583\u20132595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csda.2008.12.013","journal-title":"Comput Stat Data Anal"},{"key":"19261_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.2307\/1940891","volume":"75","author":"K Kielland","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kielland K (1994) Amino acid absorption by arctic plants: implications for plant nutrition and nitrogen cycling. Ecology 75:2373\u20132338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1940891","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"19261_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0002-y","volume":"144","author":"T Klein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klein T, Hemming D, Lin T, Gr\u00fcnzweig JM, Maseyk K, Rotenberg E, Yakir D (2005) Association between tree-ring and needle \u03b413C and leaf gas exchange in Pinus halepensis under semi-arid conditions. Oecologia 144:45\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-005-0002-y","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"19261_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GB900095","volume":"14","author":"S Korontzi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Korontzi S, Macko SA, Anderson AI, Poth MA (2000) A stable isotopic study to determine carbon and nitrogen cycling in a disturbed southern Californian forest ecosystem. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:177\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/1999GB900095","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem Cycles"},{"key":"19261_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1139\/x01-112","volume":"31","author":"MV Kozlov","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kozlov MV (2001) Snowpack changes around a nickel-copper smelter at Monchegorsk, northwestern Russia. Can J for Res 31:1684\u20131690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/x01-112","journal-title":"Can J for Res"},{"key":"19261_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-002-0123-5","volume":"46","author":"MV Kozlov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kozlov MV (2002) Changes in wind regime around a nickel-copper smelter at Monchegorsk, northwestern Russia. Int J Biometeorol 46:76\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00484-002-0123-5","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"19261_CR36","unstructured":"Kozlov MV, Haukioja E (1997) Microclimate changes along a strong pollution gradient in northern boreal forest zone, in: Us\u00f3 JL, Brebbia CA, Power H (eds) Ecosystems and Sustainable Development. Advances in Ecological Sciences, vol 1, pp 603\u2013614"},{"key":"19261_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kozlov MV, Zvereva EL, Zverev V (2009) Impacts of point polluters on terrestrial biota: Comparative analysis of 18 contaminated areas. Springer, Dordrecht. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-90-481-2467-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2467-1"},{"key":"19261_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2009.04.002","volume":"264","author":"J-H Kwak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kwak J-H, Choi W-J, Lim S-S, Arshad MA (2009) \u03b413C, \u03b415N, N concentration, and Ca-to-Al ratios of forest samples from Pinus densiflora stands in rural and industrial areas. Chem Geol 264:385\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2009.04.002","journal-title":"Chem Geol"},{"key":"19261_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7158","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15364","volume":"26","author":"A Lavergne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lavergne A, Sandoval D, Hare VJ, Graven H, Prentice IC (2020) Impacts of soil water stress on the acclimated stomatal limitation of photosynthesis: insights from stable carbon isotope data. Glob Change Biol 26:7158\u20137172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.15364","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"key":"19261_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12992","volume":"88","author":"AM Liebhold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liebhold AM (2019) Air pollution as an experimental probe of insect population dynamics. J Anim Ecol 88:662\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2656.12992","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"19261_CR41","unstructured":"Littell RC, Milliken GA, Stroup WW, Wolfinger RD, Schabenberger O (2006) SAS for mixed models, 2nd ed. SAS Institute, Cary, USA"},{"key":"19261_CR42","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Acidic deposition and forest soils","author":"NV Lukina","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lukina NV, Nikonov VV (1999) Pollution-induced changes in soils subjected to intense air pollution. In: Nikonov VV, Koptsik GN (eds) Acidic deposition and forest soils. Kola Science Centre, Apatity, Russia, pp 79\u2013126 (in Russian)"},{"key":"19261_CR43","unstructured":"Makarova TD, Rigina OA (1999) Contamination of ambient air, in: ecological atlas of Murmansk region, Moscow & Apatity, Moscow State University & Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, p. 31 (in Russian)."},{"key":"19261_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/s0269-7491(99)00158-x","volume":"107","author":"S Manninen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Manninen S, Huttunen S (2000) Response of needle sulphur and nitrogen concentrations of Scots pine versus Norway spruce to SO2 and NO2. Environ Pollut 107:421\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0269-7491(99)00158-x","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02406170","volume":"95","author":"S Manninen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Manninen S, Huttunen S, Per\u00e4m\u00e4ki P (1997) Needle S fractions and S to N ratios as indices of SO2 deposition. Water Air Soil Pollut 95:277\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02406170","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/jscitotenv.2015.07.097","volume":"536","author":"S Manninen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manninen S, Zverev V, Bergman I, Kozlov MV (2015) Consequences of long-term severe industrial pollution for aboveground carbon and nitrogen pools in northern taiga forests at local and regional scales. Sci Total Environ 536:616\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/jscitotenv.2015.07.097","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"19261_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.151166","volume":"26","author":"W Marchand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marchand W, Girardin MP, Hartmann H, Depardieu C, Isabel N, Gauthier S, Boucher \u00c9, Bergeron Y (2020) Strong overestimation of water-use efficiency responses to rising CO2 in tree-ring studies. Glob Change Biol 26:4538\u20134558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.151166","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"key":"19261_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01101.x","volume":"13","author":"B Martin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Martin B, Sutherland EK (1990) Air pollution in the past recorded in width and stable carbon isotope composition of annual growth rings of Douglas-fir. Plant, Cell Environ 13:839\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01101.x","journal-title":"Plant, Cell Environ"},{"key":"19261_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.88.1.218","volume":"88","author":"B Martin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Martin B, Bytnerowicz A, Thorstenson YR (1988) Effects of air pollutants on the composition of stable carbon isotopes, \u03b413C, of leaves and wood, and on leaf injury. Plant Physioliology 88:218\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1104\/pp.88.1.218","journal-title":"Plant Physioliology"},{"key":"19261_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2015.04.002","volume":"3","author":"H Medrano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Medrano H, Tom\u00e1s M, Martorell S, Flexas J, Hern\u00e1ndez E, Rossell\u00f3 J, Pou A, Escalona J-M, Bota J (2015) From leaf to whole-plant water efficiency (WUE) in complex canopies: limitations of leaf WUE as a selection target. The Crop Journal 3:220\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cj.2015.04.002","journal-title":"The Crop Journal"},{"key":"19261_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050535","volume":"115","author":"A Michelsen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Michelsen A, Quarmby C, Sleep D, Jonasson S (1998) Vascular plant 15N natural abundance in heath and forest tundra ecosystems is closely correlated with presence and type of mycorrhizal fungi in roots. Oecologia 115:406\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004420050535","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"19261_CR52","unstructured":"Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology in the Murmansk Oblast, 2020. Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk oblast in 2019. Murmansk (in Russian). Available at:\u00a0https:\/\/gov-murman.ru\/region\/environmentstate\/. Accessed 4 Nov 2021"},{"key":"19261_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.1998.00255.x","volume":"21","author":"H Morikawa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Morikawa H, Higaki A, Nohno M, Takahashi M, Kamada M, Nakata M, Toyohara G, Okamura Y, Matsui K, Kitani S, Fujita K, Irifune K, Goshima N (1998) More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell Environ 21:180\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-3040.1998.00255.x","journal-title":"Plant, Cell Environ"},{"key":"19261_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00257.x","volume":"19","author":"B Muller","year":"1996","unstructured":"Muller B, Touraine B, Rennenberg H (1996) Interaction between atmospheric and pedospheric nitrogen nutrition in spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seedlings. Plant, Cell Environ 19:345\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00257.x","journal-title":"Plant, Cell Environ"},{"key":"19261_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nadelhoffer KJ, Fry B (1988) Controls on natural nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 abundances in forest soil organic matter. Soil Sci Soc Am J 52:1633\u20131640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssaj1988.03615995005200060024x","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1988.03615995005200060024x"},{"key":"19261_CR56","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Stable isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science","author":"KJ Nadelhoffer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nadelhoffer KJ, Fry B (1994) Nitrogen isotope studies in forest ecosystems. In: Lajtha K, Michener R (eds) Stable isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Boston, MA, USA, pp 23\u201344"},{"key":"19261_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.1998.00240.x","volume":"12","author":"A Nordin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nordin A, N\u00e4sholm T, Ericson L (1998) Effects of simulated N deposition on understorey vegetation of boreal coniferous forest. Funct Ecol 12:691\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2435.1998.00240.x","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"19261_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(81)85134-5","volume":"20","author":"MH O\u2019Leary","year":"1981","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary MH (1981) Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Phytochemistry 20:553\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0031-9422(81)85134-5","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"19261_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.01.044","volume":"137","author":"R Ozolincius","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ozolincius R, Stakenas V, Serafinaviciute B (2005) Meteorological factors and air pollution in Lithuanian forests: possible effects on tree condition. Environ Pollut 137:587\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.01.044","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-006-9015-9","volume":"80","author":"LH Pardo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pardo LH, Templer PH, Goodale CL, Duke S, Groffman PM, Adams MB, Boeckx P, Boggs J, Campbell J, Colman B, Compton J, Emmett B, Gundersen P, Kj\u00f8naas J, Lovett G, Mack M, Magill A, Mbila M, Mitchell MJ, McGee G, McNulty S, Nadelhoffer K, Ollinger S, Ross D, Rueth H, Rustad L, Schaberg P, Schiff S, Schleppi P, Spoelstra J, Wessel W (2006) Regional assessment of N saturation using foliar and root \u03b415N. Biogeochemistry 80:143\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10533-006-9015-9","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"19261_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.18.110187.001453","volume":"18","author":"BJ Peterson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Peterson BJ, Fry B (1987) Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 18:293\u2013320","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"19261_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/361061a0","volume":"361","author":"HW Polley","year":"1993","unstructured":"Polley HW, Johnson HB, Marino BD, Mayeux HS (1993) Increase in C3 plant water-use efficiency and biomass over Glacial to present CO2 concentrations. Nature 361:61\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/361061a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"19261_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.027","volume":"245","author":"A Pornon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pornon A, Boutin M, Lamaze T (2019) Contribution of plant species to the high N retention capacity of a subalpine meadow undergoing elevated N deposition and warming. Environ Pollut 245:235\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.027","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-013-9857-x","volume":"116","author":"K Redling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Redling K, Elliott E, Bain D, Sherwell J (2013) Highway contributions to reactive nitrogen deposition: tracing the fate of vehicular NOx using stable isotopes and plant biomonitors. Biogeochemistry 116:261\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10533-013-9857-x","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"19261_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reich PB, Walters MB, Ellsworth DS (1997) From tropics to tundra: global convergence in plant functioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:13730\u201313734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.94.25.13730","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.13730"},{"key":"19261_CR66","unstructured":"Reimann C, \u00c4yr\u00e4s M, Chekushin V, Bogatyrev I, Boyd R, de Caritat P, Dutter R, Finne TE, Halleraker JH, J\u00e6ger \u00d8, Kashulina G, Lehto O, Niskavaara H, Pavlov V, R\u00e4is\u00e4nen ML, Strand T, Volden T (eds) (2011) Environmental geochemical atlas of the Central Barents Region. Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), pp 743"},{"key":"19261_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2020.103696","volume":"110","author":"M Roth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roth M, G\u00fcnther K, Michiels H-G, Puhlmann H, Sucker C, Hauck M (2021) Nitrogen deposition is positively correlated to foliar nitrogen content in vaccinium myrtillus and other understorey species in temperate forests on acid soil. Acta Oecologica 110:103696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actao.2020.103696","journal-title":"Acta Oecologica"},{"key":"19261_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2307\/1310304","volume":"36","author":"JS Rounick","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rounick JS, Winterbourn MJ (1986) Stable carbon isotopes and carbon flow in ecosystems. Bioscience 36:171\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1310304","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"19261_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.09.004","volume":"147","author":"AM Ruotsalainen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ruotsalainen AM, Markkola A, Kozlov MV (2007) Root fungal colonisation in Deschampsia flexuosa: effects of pollution and neighbouring trees. Environ Pollut 147:723\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.09.004","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-007-0152-y","volume":"148","author":"AL Ruotsalainen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ruotsalainen AL, Markkola AM, Kozlov MV (2009) Mycorrhizal colonisation of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) along three environmental gradients: does life in harsh environments alter plant-fungal relationships? Environ Monit Assess 148:215\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-007-0152-y","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"19261_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.364","volume":"653","author":"M Salemaa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Salemaa M, Lindroos A-J, Meril\u00e4 P, M\u00e4kip\u00e4\u00e4 R, Smolander A (2019) N2 fixation associated with the bryophyte layer suppressed by low levels of nitrogen deposition in boreal forests. Sci Total Environ 653:995\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.364","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"19261_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114054","volume":"261","author":"M Salemaa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salemaa M, Kieloaho A-J, Lindroos A-J, Meril\u00e4 P, Poikolainen J, Manninen S (2020) Forest mosses sensitively indicate nitrogen deposition in boreal background areas. Environ Pollut 261:114054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114054","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR73","unstructured":"SAS Institute, 2009. SAS\/Stat. User\u2019s guide, version 9.2. SAS Institute, Cary, NC."},{"key":"19261_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.11.031","volume":"158","author":"MM Savard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Savard MM (2010) Tree-ring stable isotopes and historical perspectives on pollution \u2013 an overview. Environ Pollut 158:2007\u20132013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.11.031","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2004.1300","volume":"33","author":"MM Savard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Savard MM, Begin C, Parent M, Smirnoff A, Marion J (2004) Effects of smelter sulfur dioxide emissions: a spatiotemporal perspective using carbon isotopes in tree rings. J Environ Qual 33:13\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/jeq2004.1300","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"key":"19261_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114209","volume":"261","author":"MM Savard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Savard MM, Begin C, Marion J (2020) Response strategies of boreal spruce trees to anthropogenic changes in air quality and rising pCO2. Environ Pollut 261:114209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114209","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stoten.2021.146581","volume":"780","author":"MM Savard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Savard MM, Martineau C, Lagani\u00e8re J, B\u00e9gin C, Marion J, Smirnoff A, Stefani F, Bergeron J, Rheault K, Par\u00e9 D, S\u00e9guin A (2021) Nitrogen isotopes in the soil-to-tree continuum \u2013 tree rings express the soil biogeochemistry of boreal forests exposed to moderate airborne emissions. Sci Total Environ 780:146581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stoten.2021.146581","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"19261_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.2307\/2265708","volume":"77","author":"JP Schimel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schimel JP, Chapin FS III (1996) Tundra plant uptake of amino acids and NH4+ nitrogen in situ: plants compete well for amino acid N. Oecologia 77:2142\u20132147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2265708","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"19261_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.244.4906.776","volume":"244","author":"ED Schulze","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schulze ED (1989) Air pollution and forest decline in a spruce (Picea abies) forest. Science 244:776\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.244.4906.776","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"19261_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317862","volume":"100","author":"ED Schulze","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schulze ED, Chapin FS III, Gebauer G (1994) Nitrogen nutrition and isotope differences among life forms at the northern treeline of Alaska. Oecologia 100:406\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00317862","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"19261_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-015-2623-z","volume":"226","author":"BM Sensula","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sensula BM (2015) Spatial and short-temporal variability of \u03b413C and \u03b415N and water-use efficiency in pine needles of the three forests along the most industrialized part of Poland. Water Air Soil Pollut 226:362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-015-2623-z","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2001.00032.x","volume":"149","author":"RTW Siegwolf","year":"2001","unstructured":"Siegwolf RTW, Matyssek R, Saurer M, Maurer S, G\u00fcnthardt-Goerg M, Schmutz P, Bucher JB (2001) Stable isotope analysis reveals differential effects of soil nitrogen and nitrogen dioxide on the water use efficiency in hybrid poplar. New Phytol 149:233\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2001.00032.x","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"19261_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1998.00179.x","volume":"139","author":"I Stulen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stulen I, P\u00e9rez-Soba M, De Kok LJ, Van der Eerden L (1998) Impact of gaseous nitrogen on plant functioning. New Phytol 139:61\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1998.00179.x","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"19261_CR84","unstructured":"Tamm CO (1991) Nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems: questions of productivity, vegetational changes, and ecosystem stability. Springer-Verlag, Berlin."},{"key":"19261_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12223","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-12223-2018","volume":"18","author":"J Tan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tan J, Fu JS, Dentener F, Sun J, Emmons L, Tilmes S, Flemming J, Takemura T, Bian H, Zhu Q, Yang C-E, Keating T (2018) Source contributions to sulfur and nitrogen deposition \u2013 an HTAP II multi-model study on hemispheric transport. Atmos Chem Phys 18:12223\u201312240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-18-12223-2018","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"19261_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-015-1305-1","volume":"30","author":"G Tomlinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomlinson G, Buchmann N, Siegwolf R, Weber P, Thimonier A, Pannatier EG, Schmitt M, Schaub M, Waldner P (2016) Can tree-ring \u03b415N be used as a proxy for foliar \u03b415N in European beech and Norway spruce? Trees 30:627\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00468-015-1305-1","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"19261_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1936-7961(07)01007-X","volume":"1","author":"DM Vallano","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vallano DM, Sparks JP (2007) Foliar \u03b415N values as indicators of foliar uptake of atmospheric nitrogen pollution. Terrestrial Ecology 1:93\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1936-7961(07)01007-X","journal-title":"Terrestrial Ecology"},{"key":"19261_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016702919050124","volume":"57","author":"DV Veselkin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Veselkin DV, Chashchina OE, Kuyantseva NB, Mumber AG (2019) Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in woody plants and herbs near the large copper smelting plant. Geochem Int 57:575\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S0016702919050124","journal-title":"Geochem Int"},{"key":"19261_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1134\/S1067413612020166","volume":"43","author":"EL Vorobeichik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vorobeichik EL, Kozlov MV (2012) Impact of point polluters on terrestrial ecosystems: methodology of research, experimental design, and typical errors. Russ J Ecol 43:89\u201396","journal-title":"Russ J Ecol"},{"key":"19261_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/10256010600991078","volume":"42","author":"W Wagner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wagner W, Wagner E (2006) Influence of air pollution and site conditions on trends of carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in tree ring cellulose. Isot Environ Health Stud 42:353\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10256010600991078","journal-title":"Isot Environ Health Stud"},{"key":"19261_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00467.x","volume":"115","author":"AR Wellburn","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wellburn AR (1990) Why are atmospheric oxides of nitrogen usually phytotoxic and not alternative fertilizers? New Phytol 115:395\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00467.x","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"19261_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/449136a","volume":"449","author":"J Whitfield","year":"2007","unstructured":"Whitfield J (2007) Underground networking. Nature 449:136\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/449136a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"19261_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(86)90061-3","volume":"1","author":"EW Winner","year":"1986","unstructured":"Winner EW, Atkinson CJ (1986) Absorption of air pollution by plants, and consequences for growth. Trends Ecol Evol 1:15\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0169-5347(86)90061-3","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"19261_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.06.024","volume":"164","author":"Y Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu Y, Xiao H (2017) Concentrations and nitrogen isotope compositions of free amino acids in Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) needles of different ages as indicators of atmospheric nitrogen pollution. Atmos Environ 164:348\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.06.024","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"19261_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.074","volume":"249","author":"Y Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu Y, Xiao H, Wu D (2019) Traffic-related dustfall and NOx, but not NH3, seriously affect nitrogen isotopic compositions in soil and plant tissue near the roadside. Environ Pollut 249:655\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.074","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"19261_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6508","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07696","volume":"54","author":"Q Zhong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhong Q, Shen H, Yun X, Chen Y, Ren Y, Xu H, Shen G, Du W, Meng J, Li W, Ma J, Tao S (2020) Global sulfur dioxide emissions and the driving forces. Environ Sci Technol 54:6508\u20136517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.9b07696","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"19261_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32531-x","volume":"8","author":"Rg Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu Rg, Xiao H-Y, Zhang Z, Lai Y (2018) Compound-specific \u03b415N composition of free amino acids in moss as indicators of atmospheric nitrogen sources. Sci Rep 8:14347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-32531-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-022-19261-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-022-19261-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-022-19261-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T16:40:02Z","timestamp":1656952802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-022-19261-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["19261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-19261-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0944-1344"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1614-7499"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}