{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T19:54:21Z","timestamp":1778356461003,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"48","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20982-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T21:02:52Z","timestamp":1653685372000},"page":"73480-73491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Urinary metals, arsenic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and risk of chronic bronchitis in the US adult population"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2483-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humairat H","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2023-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Niemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0089-6359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart H.","family":"Munson-McGee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"20982_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.05.003","volume":"88","author":"MK Ali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ali MK, Kim RY, Karim R et al (2017) Role of iron in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 88:181\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.05.003","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"20982_CR2","first-page":"251","volume":"11","author":"PD Blanc","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blanc PD, Tor\u00e9n K (2007) Occupation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis: an update. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11(3):251\u2013257","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"20982_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-016-0457-5","volume":"10","author":"E B\u0142aszczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u0142aszczyk E, Rogula-Koz\u0142owska W, Klejnowski K, Fulara I, Miel\u017cy\u0144ska-\u0160vach D (2017) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to outdoor and indoor airborne particles (PM2.5) and their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in Silesian kindergartens, Poland. Air Qual Atmos Health 10(3):389\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11869-016-0457-5","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"20982_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04691","volume":"6","author":"J Briffa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Briffa J, Sinagra E, Blundell R (2020) Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon 6(9):e04691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04691","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"20982_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.19-1637404","volume":"19","author":"JM Borgo\u00f1o","year":"1977","unstructured":"Borgo\u00f1o JM, Vicent P, Venturino H, Infante A (1977) Arsenic in the drinking water of the city of Antofagasta: epidemiological and clinical study before and after the installation of a treatment plant. Environ Health Perspect 19:103\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.19-1637404","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"20982_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.013","volume":"228","author":"S Cakmak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cakmak S, Hebbern C, Cakmak JD, Dales RE (2017) The influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on lung function in a representative sample of the Canadian population. Environ Pollut 228:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.013","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"1","key":"20982_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-015-0191-9","volume":"16","author":"X Cao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cao X, Lin H, Muskhelishvili L, Latendresse J, Richter P, Heflich RH (2015) Tight junction disruption by cadmium in an in vitro human airway tissue model. Respir Res 16(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-015-0191-9","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"20982_CR8","unstructured":"CDC\/National Center for Health Statistics (2021). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/copd.htm. Accessed 10 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR9","unstructured":"CDC (2013a) Medical Conditions (MCQ_G). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2011-2012\/MCQ_G.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR10","unstructured":"CDC (2013b) Metals - Urine (UHM_G). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2011-2012\/UHM_G.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR11","unstructured":"CDC (2013c) Mercury - Inorganic, Urine (UHG_G). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2011-2012\/UHG_G.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR12","unstructured":"CDC (2013d) Arsenics - Total & Speciated - Urine (UAS_G). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2011-2012\/UAS_G.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR13","unstructured":"CDC (2014) Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) - Urine (PAH_G). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2011-2012\/PAH_G.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR14","unstructured":"CDC (2015) Medical Conditions (MCQ_H). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/MCQ_H.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR15","unstructured":"CDC (2016a) Metals - Urine (UM_H). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/UM_H.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR16","unstructured":"CDC (2016b) Mercury - Urine (UHG_H). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/UHG_H.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR17","unstructured":"CDC (2016c) Arsenic - Total - Urine (UTAS_H). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/UTAS_H.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR18","unstructured":"CDC (2016d) Arsenics - Speciated - Urine (UAS_H). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/UAS_H.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR19","unstructured":"CDC (2016e) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) - Urine (PAH_H). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/PAH_H.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR20","unstructured":"CDC (2017a) Medical Conditions (MCQ_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/MCQ_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR21","unstructured":"CDC (2017b) Albumin & Creatinine - Urine (ALB_CR_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/ALB_CR_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR22","unstructured":"CDC (2017c) Body Measures (BMX_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/BMX_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR23","unstructured":"CDC (2017d) Demographic Variables and Sample Weights (DEMO_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/DEMO_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR24","unstructured":"CDC (2018a) Metals - Urine (UM_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/UM_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR25","unstructured":"CDC (2018b) Mercury - Urine (UHG_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/UHG_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR26","unstructured":"CDC (2018c) Arsenic - Total - Urine (UTAS_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/UTAS_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR27","unstructured":"CDC (2018d) Speciated Arsenics - Urine (UAS_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/UAS_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR28","unstructured":"CDC (2018e) Alcohol Use (ALQ_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/ALQ_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR29","unstructured":"CDC (2018f) MEC Laboratory Procedures Manual. National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2015-2016\/manuals\/2016_MEC_Laboratory_Procedures_Manual.pdf. Accessed 12 March 2022"},{"key":"20982_CR30","unstructured":"CDC (2019) Cotinine and Hydroxycotinine - Serum (COT_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/COT_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR31","unstructured":"CDC (2020a) About Adult BMI. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyweight\/assessing\/bmi\/adult_bmi\/index.html#trends. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR32","unstructured":"CDC (2020b) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) - Urine (PAH_I). National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2015-2016\/PAH_I.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"20982_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0039-9140(02)00270-9","volume":"58","author":"D Chakraborti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chakraborti D, Rahman MM, Paul K et al (2002) Arsenic calamity in the Indian subcontinent: what lessons have been learned? Talanta 58(1):3\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0039-9140(02)00270-9","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"20982_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2016.06.005","volume":"357\u2013358","author":"S Choudhury","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choudhury S, Gupta P, Ghosh S, Mukherjee S, Chakraborty P, Chatterji U et al (2016) Arsenic-induced dose-dependent modulation of the NF-\u03baB\/IL-6 axis in thymocytes triggers differential immune responses. Toxicology 357\u2013358:85\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2016.06.005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"20982_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/15476910490438360","volume":"1","author":"MD Cohen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohen MD (2004) Pulmonary immunotoxicology of select metals: aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, vanadium, and zinc. J Immunotoxicol 1(1):39\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15476910490438360","journal-title":"J Immunotoxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"20982_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","volume":"8","author":"M Dominici","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I et al (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 8(4):315\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14653240600855905","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"20982_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:103:2:103","volume":"103","author":"G Drasch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Drasch G, Sch\u00f6pfer J, Schrauzer GN (2005) Selenium\/cadmium ratios in human prostates: indicators of prostate cancer risk of smokers and nonsmokers, and relevance to the cancer protective effects of selenium. Biol Trace Elem Res 103(2):103\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/BTER:103:2:103","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"20982_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200811-1757ST","volume":"182","author":"MD Eisner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eisner MD, Anthonisen N, Coultas D et al (2010) An official American thoracic society public policy statement: novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182(5):693\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200811-1757ST","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"20982_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00101606","volume":"29","author":"L Ellison-Loschmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ellison-Loschmann L, Sunyer J, Plana E et al (2007) Socioeconomic status, asthma and chronic bronchitis in a large community-based study. Eur Respir J 29(5):897\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00101606","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"20982_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.11.012","volume":"144","author":"SF Farzan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farzan SF, Chen Y, Trachtman H, Trasande L (2016) Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and measures of oxidative stress, inflammation and renal function in adolescents: NHANES 2003\u20132008. Environ Res 144(Pt A):149\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2015.11.012","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"147","key":"20982_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170122","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0122-2017","volume":"27","author":"K Ganguly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ganguly K, Lev\u00e4nen B, Palmberg L, \u00c5kesson A, Lind\u00e9n A (2018) Cadmium in tobacco smokers: a neglected link to lung disease? Eur Respir Rev 27(147):170122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0122-2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"20982_CR42","unstructured":"GOLD (2021) Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease: 2022 report. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). https:\/\/goldcopd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GOLD-REPORT-2022-v1.1-22Nov2021_WMV.pdf. Accessed 10 December 2021."},{"issue":"5","key":"20982_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.5.1924","volume":"124","author":"RM Grasseschi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grasseschi RM, Ramaswamy RB, Levine DJ, Klaassen CD, Wesselius LJ (2003) Cadmium accumulation and detoxification by alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers. Chest 124(5):1924\u20131928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.124.5.1924","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"20982_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1256","volume":"122","author":"S Guerra","year":"2002","unstructured":"Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Bobadilla A, Martinez FD, Barbee RA (2002) The relation of body mass index to asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Chest 122(4):1256\u20131263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.122.4.1256","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"20982_CR45","first-page":"436","volume":"128","author":"DN Guha Mazumder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guha Mazumder DN (2008) Chronic arsenic toxicity & human health. Indian J Med Res 128(4):436\u2013447","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"20982_CR46","first-page":"4","volume":"96","author":"DN Guha Mazumder","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guha Mazumder DN, Das Gupta J, Santra A, Pal A, Ghose A, Sarkar S (1998) Chronic arsenic toxicity in West Bengal - The worst calamity in the world. J Indian Med Assoc 96:4\u20137","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"20982_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110056","volume":"9","author":"R Hamon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamon R, Homan CC, Tran HB et al (2014) Zinc and zinc transporters in macrophages and their roles in efferocytosis in COPD. PLoS One 9(10):e110056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0110056","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"20982_CR48","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans [IARC] (1993) Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry. Working Group views and expert opinions, Lyon, 9-16 February 1993. IARC MonogrEval Carcinog Risks Hum 58:1-415"},{"key":"20982_CR49","unstructured":"IARC Working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans [IARC] (2012) Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. IARC MonogrEval Carcinog Risks Hum 100(Pt C):11-465"},{"issue":"1","key":"20982_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23386","volume":"37","author":"YL Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang YL, Fei J, Cao P et al (2022) Serum cadmium positively correlates with inflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Environ Toxicol 37(1):151\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.23386","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"issue":"10","key":"20982_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.94","volume":"11","author":"A Kataria","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kataria A, Trasande L, Trachtman H (2015) The effects of environmental chemicals on renal function. Nat Rev Nephrol 11(10):610\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2015.94","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"20982_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201210-1843CI","volume":"187","author":"V Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim V, Criner GJ (2013) Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 187(3):228\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201210-1843CI","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"20982_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000145","volume":"21","author":"V Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim V, Criner GJ (2015) The chronic bronchitis phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: features and implications. Curr Opin Pulm Med 21(2):133\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000145","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"20982_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-52","volume":"15","author":"V Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim V, Davey A, Comellas AP et al (2014) Clinical and computed tomographic predictors of chronic bronchitis in COPD: a cross sectional analysis of the COPDGene study. Respir Res 15(1):52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1465-9921-15-52","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"20982_CR55","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Immunotoxicology of environmental and occupational metals","author":"LD Koller","year":"1998","unstructured":"Koller LD (1998) Cadmium. In: Zelikoff JT, Thomas PT (eds) Immunotoxicology of environmental and occupational metals. Taylor and Francis, London, UK, pp 41\u201361"},{"issue":"3","key":"20982_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.01.015","volume":"193","author":"M L\u00e5g","year":"2010","unstructured":"L\u00e5g M, Rodionov D, Ovrevik J, Bakke O, Schwarze PE, Refsnes M (2010) Cadmium-induced inflammatory responses in cells relevant for lung toxicity: expression and release of cytokines in fibroblasts, epithelial cells and macrophages. Toxicol Lett 193(3):252\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.01.015","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"20982_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602470","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02470-2016","volume":"50","author":"L Lahousse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lahousse L, Seys LJM, Joos GF, Franco OH, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG (2017) Epidemiology and impact of chronic bronchitis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 50(2):1602470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02470-2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"20982_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2535","volume":"148","author":"B Lamprecht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lamprecht B, Soriano JB, Studnicka M et al (2015) Determinants of underdiagnosis of COPD in national and international surveys. Chest 148(4):971\u2013985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.14-2535","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"20982_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.11.012","volume":"235","author":"RC Lantz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lantz RC, Chau B, Sarihan P, Witten ML, Pivniouk VI, Chen GJ (2009) In utero and postnatal exposure to arsenic alters pulmonary structure and function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 235(1):105\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2008.11.012","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"20982_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2009.197","volume":"47","author":"DH Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee DH, Jacobs DR (2009a) Is serum gamma-glutamyltransferase an exposure marker of xenobiotics? Empirical evidence with polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon. Clin Chem Lab Med 47(7):860\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/CCLM.2009.197","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"20982_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760902893324","volume":"43","author":"DH Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee DH, Jacobs DR Jr (2009b) Is serum gamma-glutamyltransferase a marker of exposure to various environmental pollutants? Free Radic Res 43(6):533\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10715760902893324","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"20982_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2008.280","volume":"46","author":"YJ Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee YJ, Kim JK, Lee JH, Lee HR, Kang DR, Shim JY (2008) Association of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase with C-reactive protein levels and white blood cell count in Korean adults. Clin Chem Lab Med 46(10):1410\u20131415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/CCLM.2008.280","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"7634","key":"20982_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)90866-6","volume":"294","author":"GP Lewis","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lewis GP, Lyle H, Miller S (1969) Association between elevated hepatic water-soluble protein-bound cadmium levels and chronic bronchitis and\/or emphysema. The Lancet 294(7634):1330\u20131333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)90866-6","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"20982_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.09.014","volume":"100","author":"J Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu J, Man R, Ma S, Li J, Wu Q, Peng J (2015) Atmospheric levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to PM2.5 in Guangzhou, China. Mar Pollut Bull 100(1):134\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.09.014","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"20982_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lumley T (2004) Analysis of complex survey samples. J Stat Softw 9(8) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v009.i08.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v009.i08"},{"key":"20982_CR66","unstructured":"Lumley T (2020) Package \u2018survey\u2019: analysis of complex survey samples, version 4.0. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/survey\/survey.pdf. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470580066","volume-title":"Complex surveys: a guide to analysis using R","author":"TS Lumley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lumley TS (2010) Complex surveys: a guide to analysis using R. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken"},{"issue":"3","key":"20982_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012054","volume":"59","author":"DM Mannino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mannino DM, Holguin F, Greves HM, Savage-Brown A, Stock AL, Jones RL (2004) Urinary cadmium levels predict lower lung function in current and former smokers: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Thorax 59(3):194\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thorax.2003.012054","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"20982_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.11.003","volume":"108","author":"CH Martinez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinez CH, Kim V, Chen Y et al (2014) The clinical impact of non-obstructive chronic bronchitis in current and former smokers. Respir Med 108(3):491\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.11.003","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"20982_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.49.12.1217","volume":"49","author":"AM Menezes","year":"1994","unstructured":"Menezes AM, Victora CG, Rigatto M (1994) Prevalence and risk factors for chronic bronchitis in Pelotas, RS, Brazil: a population-based study. Thorax 49(12):1217\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.49.12.1217","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5","key":"20982_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054409","volume":"356","author":"KA Miller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L et al (2007) Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 356(5):447\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa054409","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"20982_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.05.026","volume":"93","author":"S Mirza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mirza S, Clay RD, Koslow MA, Scanlon PD (2018) COPD guidelines: a review of the 2018 GOLD report. Mayo Clin Proc 93(10):1488\u20131502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.05.026","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"20982_CR73","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (2017a) About the national health and nutrition examination survey. CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/about_nhanes.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR74","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) (2017b) NCHS Research Ethics Review Board (ERB) Approval. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/irba98.htm. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"key":"20982_CR75","first-page":"1","volume":"256","author":"H Ni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ni H, Xu J (2016) COPD-related mortality by sex and race among adults aged 25 and over: United States, 2000\u20132014. NCHS Data Brief 256:1\u20138","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"issue":"2","key":"20982_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L293","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00134","volume":"295","author":"CE Olsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olsen CE, Liguori AE, Zong Y, Lantz RC, Burgess JL, Boitano S (2008) Arsenic upregulates MMP-9 and inhibits wound repair in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295(2):L293-302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.00134","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"20982_CR77","first-page":"1079","volume":"14","author":"R Perez-Padilla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perez-Padilla R, Schilmann A, Riojas-Rodriguez H (2010) Respiratory health effects of indoor air pollution. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14(9):1079\u20131086","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"20982_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11040599","volume":"11","author":"G P\u00e9rez-Rubio","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rubio G, Falf\u00e1n-Valencia R, Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez JC et al (2021) Genetic factors associated with COPD depend on the ancestral Caucasian\/Amerindian component in the Mexican population. Diagnostics (Basel) 11(4):599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11040599","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"20982_CR79","unstructured":"Pirkle JL (2018a) Laboratory procedure manual: antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cesium, cobalt, lead, manganese, molybdenum, platinum, strontium, thallium, tin, tungsten, and uranium. National Center for Environmental Health. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2015-2016\/labmethods\/UTAS_UTASS_UM_UMS_I_MET.PDF. Accessed 12 March 2022."},{"key":"20982_CR80","unstructured":"Pirkle JK (2018b) Laboratory procedure manual: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). National Center for Environmental Health. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2015-2016\/labmethods\/PAH-I-PAHS-I-MET-508.pdf. Accessed 12 March 2022."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"20982_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.108-1637679","volume":"108","author":"CA Pope 3rd","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pope CA 3rd (2000) Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biologic mechanisms and who\u2019s at risk? Environ Health Perspect 108(Suppl 4):713\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.108-1637679","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"20982_CR82","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. Accessed 21 December 2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"20982_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13089","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16692-3","volume":"29","author":"HH Rahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahman HH, Niemann D, Munson-McGee SH (2022a) Association among urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and depression: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2015\u20132016. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 29(9):13089\u201313097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16692-3","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"20982_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17479-2","author":"HH Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahman HH, Niemann D, Munson-McGee SH (2021) Association of chronic kidney disease with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the US population [published online ahead of print, 2021 Nov 25]. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-17479-2","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"20982_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15726-0","volume":"29","author":"HH Rahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahman HH, Niemann D, Munson-McGee SH (2022b) Environmental exposure to metals and the risk of high blood pressure: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2015\u20132016. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 29(1):531\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-15726-0","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"20982_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4236\/odem.2021.94013","volume":"9","author":"HH Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahman HH, Niemann D, Munson-McGee SH (2021b) Association of environmental toxic metals with high sensitivity C-reactive protein: a cross-sectional study. Occup Dis Environ Med 9(4):173\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/odem.2021.94013","journal-title":"Occup Dis Environ Med"},{"key":"20982_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-021-03018-y","author":"HH Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahman HH, Niemann D, Munson-McGee SH (2021) Association of albumin to creatinine ratio with urinary arsenic and metal exposure: evidence from NHANES 2015\u20132016 [published online ahead of print, 2021 Oct 13]. Int Urol Nephrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-021-03018-y","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"20982_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4236\/odem.2020.83009","volume":"8","author":"HH Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman HH, Niemann D, Singh D (2020a) Arsenic exposure and association with hepatitis E IgG antibodies. Occup Dis Environ Med 8:111\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/odem.2020.83009","journal-title":"Occup Dis Environ Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"20982_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16085-6","volume":"29","author":"HH Rahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahman HH, Niemann D, Yusuf KK (2022c) Association of urinary arsenic and sleep disorder in the US population: NHANES 2015\u20132016. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 29(4):5496\u20135504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-16085-6","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"18","key":"20982_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23048","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08858-2","volume":"27","author":"HH Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman HH, Yusuf KK, Niemann D, Dipon SR (2020b) Urinary speciated arsenic and depression among US adults. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27(18):23048\u201323053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-08858-2","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"20982_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101154","volume":"14","author":"P Richter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richter P, Faroon O, Pappas RS (2017) Cadmium and cadmium\/zinc ratios and tobacco-related morbidities. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(10):1154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14101154","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"20982_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0192-1","volume":"5","author":"TR Sanchez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanchez TR, Powers M, Perzanowski M, George CM, Graziano JH, Navas-Acien A (2018) A meta-analysis of arsenic exposure and lung function: is there evidence of restrictive or obstructive lung disease? Curr Environ Health Rep 5(2):244\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-018-0192-1","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"20982_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2016.09.010","volume":"13","author":"DA Sarigiannis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarigiannis DA, Salifoglou A (2016) Research directives toward deciphering adverse outcome pathways induced by environmental metallotoxins. Curr Opin Chem Eng 13:161\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coche.2016.09.010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Chem Eng"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"20982_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s3405","volume":"109","author":"J Schwartz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schwartz J (2001) Air pollution and blood markers of cardiovascular risk. Environ Health Perspect 109(Suppl 3):405\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.01109s3405","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"20982_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-0997ED","volume":"186","author":"M Selman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Selman M, Pardo A (2012) Alveolar epithelial cell disintegrity and subsequent activation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186(2):119\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201206-0997ED","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"20982_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/398_2016_9","volume":"242","author":"SK Shakir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shakir SK, Azizullah A, Murad W et al (2017) Toxic metal pollution in Pakistan and its possible risks to public health. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 242:1\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/398_2016_9","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"20982_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2014.993693","volume":"75","author":"YH Shin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shin YH, Kim KE, Kim KE, Lee YJ (2015) Relationship between serum \u03b3-glutamyltransferase level and leukocyte count in Korean children and adolescents. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 75(2):177\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365513.2014.993693","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"20982_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4944-2","author":"I Shiue","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shiue I (2015) Urinary heavy metals, phthalates and polyaromatic hydrocarbons independent of health events are associated with adult depression: USA NHANES, 2011\u20132012. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-015-4944-2","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"24","key":"20982_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25494","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7867-7","volume":"23","author":"I Shiue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shiue I (2016) Urinary polyaromatic hydrocarbons are associated with adult emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and infections: US NHANES, 2011\u20132012. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23(24):25494\u201325500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-016-7867-7","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"20982_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111809","volume":"146","author":"AV Skalny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skalny AV, Lima TRR, Ke T et al (2020) Toxic metal exposure as a possible risk factor for COVID-19 and other respiratory infectious diseases [published correction appears in Food Chem Toxicol. 2021 Mar;149:111999]. Food Chem Toxicol 146:111809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111809","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"8","key":"20982_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8832","volume":"114","author":"AH Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith AH, Marshall G, Yuan Y et al (2006) Increased mortality from lung cancer and bronchiectasis in young adults after exposure to arsenic in utero and in early childhood. Environ Health Perspect 114(8):1293\u20131296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.8832","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"20982_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2008.73","volume":"19","author":"AH Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith AH, Ercumen A, Yuan Y, Steinmaus CM (2009) Increased lung cancer risks are similar whether arsenic is ingested or inhaled. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 19(4):343\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jes.2008.73","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"20982_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.041","volume":"166","author":"S Stallings-Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stallings-Smith S, Mease A, Johnson TM, Arikawa AY (2018) Exploring the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diabetes among adults in the United States. Environ Res 166:588\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.041","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"20982_CR104","unstructured":"Susmann H (2016) Package \u2018RNHANES\u2019: \u201cfacilitates analysis of CDC NHANES,\u201d version 1.1.0. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/RNHANES\/RNHANES.pdf. Accessed 12 December 2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"20982_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0218PP","volume":"195","author":"CF Vogelmeier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ et al (2017) Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD Executive Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195(5):557\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201701-0218PP","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"20982_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113021","volume":"254","author":"C Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang C, Wei Z, Han Z et al (2019a) Neutrophil extracellular traps promote cadmium chloride-induced lung injury in mice. Environ Pollut 254(Pt A):113021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"20982_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.04.042","volume":"221\u2013222","author":"CK Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang CK, Lee HL, Chang H, Tsai MH, Kuo YC, Lin P (2012) Enhancement between environmental tobacco smoke and arsenic on emphysema-like lesions in mice. J Hazard Mater 221\u2013222:256\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.04.042","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"20982_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.255","volume":"648","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang L, Hou J, Hu C et al (2019b) Mediating factors explaining the associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure, low socioeconomic status and diabetes: a structural equation modeling approach. Sci Total Environ 648:1476\u20131483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.255","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"20982_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.03.003","volume":"214","author":"P Wiwatanadate","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wiwatanadate P, Liwsrisakun C (2011) Acute effects of air pollution on peak expiratory flow rates and symptoms among asthmatic patients in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Int J Hyg Environ Health 214(3):251\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.03.003","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"20982_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.05.029","volume":"7","author":"G Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang G, Sun T, Han YY et al (2019) Serum cadmium and lead, current wheeze, and lung function in a nationwide study of adults in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 7(8):2653-2660.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.05.029","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"20982_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-586","volume":"11","author":"P Yin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yin P, Zhang M, Li Y, Jiang Y, Zhao W (2011) Prevalence of COPD and its association with socioeconomic status in China: findings from China chronic disease risk factor surveillance 2007. BMC Public Health 11:586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-586","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-022-20982-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-022-20982-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-022-20982-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T08:45:11Z","timestamp":1664441111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-022-20982-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"48","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["20982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-20982-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study uses only secondary data analyses without any personal information identified using statistical data from the NHANES website, no further ethical approval for conducting the present study is required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent was given by all the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent was given by all the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}