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Nonheritable factors (such as lifestyle and environmental factors) have stronger impact on immune responses than genetic factors. Firefighters work is associated with exposure to air pollution and heat stress, as well as: extreme physical effort, mental stress, or a changed circadian rhythm, among others. All these factors can contribute to both, short-term and long-term impairment of the physical and mental health of firefighters. Increased levels of some inflammatory markers, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines or C-reactive protein (CRP) have been observed in firefighters, which can lead to local, acute inflammation that promotes a systemic inflammatory response. It is worth emphasizing that inflammation is one of the main hallmarks of cancer and also plays a key role in the development of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. This article presents possible causes of the development of an inflammatory reaction in firefighters, with particular emphasis on airway inflammation caused by smoke exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22479-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T02:12:57Z","timestamp":1662948777000},"page":"73741-73768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Lifestyle and environmental factors may induce airway and systemic inflammation in firefighters"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4998-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Orysiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9218-9781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"M\u0142ynarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5234-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Piec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5087-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Jakubiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"22479_CR1","unstructured":"Act of August 24, 1991 on the State Fire Service. 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