{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:44:47Z","timestamp":1786427087602,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"58","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23703-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T12:03:01Z","timestamp":1667044981000},"page":"87068-87081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of radiation exposure on brain health: a state of the art and new challenges"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jayalakshmi","family":"Jayan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsha","family":"Roshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathima Farzana Perumbilly","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parvathy G.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Vijayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aathira Sujathan","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena K.","family":"Pappachen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Abdelgawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Della Grace Thomas","family":"Parambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotfi","family":"Aleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijo","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"23703_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S46189","volume":"8","author":"F Behar-Cohen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Behar-Cohen F, Baillet G, de Ayguavives T, Garcia PO, Krutmann J, Pe\u00f1a-Garc\u00eda P, Reme C, Wolffsohn JS (2014) Ultraviolet damage to the eye revisited: eye-sun protection factor (E-SPF\u00ae), a new ultraviolet protection label for eyewear. Clin Ophthalmol 8:87\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTH.S46189","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"23703_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7901270","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7901270","volume":"2020","author":"S Abokyi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abokyi S, To CH, Lam TT, Tse DY (2020) Central role of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration: evidence from a review of the molecular mechanisms and animal models. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020:7901270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7901270","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"23703_CR3","first-page":"109","volume":"101","author":"L Amanda","year":"1993","unstructured":"Amanda L, Stuart O, Shalet SM (1993) Effect of radiation on the human reproductive system. Environ Health Persp Suppl 101:109\u2013116","journal-title":"Environ Health Persp Suppl"},{"issue":"11","key":"23703_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.198","volume":"8","author":"A Ascherio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ascherio A, Munger KL, L\u00fcnemann JD (2012) The initiation and prevention of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 8(11):602\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.198","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"23703_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1159\/000054784","volume":"20","author":"O Axelson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Axelson O, Landtblom AM, Flodin U (2001) Multiple sclerosis and ionizing radiation. Neuroepidemiology 20:175\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000054784","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"23703_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz230","volume":"49","author":"TV Azizova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azizova TV, Bannikova MV, Grigoryeva ES, Rybkina VL, Hamada N (2020) Occupational exposure to chronic ionizing radiation increases risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease incidence in Russian Mayak workers. Int J Epidemiol 49(2):435\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyz230","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"23703_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaa018","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa018","volume":"2","author":"JA Bashford","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bashford JA, Wickham A, Iniesta R, Drakakis EM, Boutelle MG, Mills KR, Shaw CE (2020) The rise and fall of fasciculations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Commun 2(1):fcaa018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa018","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"23703_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509105579","volume":"8","author":"BD Beretich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beretich BD, Beretich TM (2009) Explaining multiple sclerosis prevalence by ultraviolet exposure: a geospatial analysis. MultScler 8:891\u2013898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458509105579","journal-title":"MultScler"},{"issue":"31","key":"23703_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867321666140916120118","volume":"21","author":"H Blasco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blasco H, Mavel S, Corcia P, Gordon PH (2014) The glutamate hypothesis in ALS: pathophysiology and drug development. Curr Med Chem 21(31):3551\u20133575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867321666140916120118","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"23703_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318232a379","volume":"70","author":"H Braak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braak H, Thal DR, Ghebremedhin E, Del Tredici K (2011) Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 70(11):960\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318232a379","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"23703_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(88)90052-5","volume":"32","author":"NM Bressler","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Fine SL (1988) Age-related macular degeneration. Survophthalmol 32(6):375\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0039-6257(88)90052-5","journal-title":"Survophthalmol"},{"key":"23703_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.10.002","volume":"2","author":"L Breydo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Breydo L, Wu J, Uversky VN (2012) \u0391-synuclein misfolding and Parkinson\u2019s disease. BiochimBiophys Acta 2:261\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.10.002","journal-title":"BiochimBiophys Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"23703_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31821fbd3e","volume":"37","author":"KV Chalam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chalam KV, Khetpal V, Rusovici R, Balaiya S (2011) A review: role of ultraviolet radiation in age-related macular degeneration. Eye Contact Lens 37(4):225\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31821fbd3e","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"2","key":"23703_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0511-x","volume":"14","author":"TN Chase","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chase TN, Farlow MR, Clarence-Smith K (2017) Donepezil plus solifenacin (CPC-201) treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurotherapeutics 14(2):405\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-016-0511-x","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"23703_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.809474","volume":"50","author":"LC Chirwa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chirwa LC, Hammond PA, Roy S, Cumming DR (2003) Electromagnetic radiation from ingested sources in the human intestine between 150 MHz and 1.2 GHz. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 50(4):484\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2003.809474","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"23703_CR16","first-page":"386","volume":"6","author":"S Cluskey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cluskey S, Ramsden DB (2001) Mechanisms of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Pathol 6:386\u2013392","journal-title":"Mol Pathol"},{"key":"23703_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.001","volume":"114","author":"DJ Colacurcio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colacurcio DJ, Pensalfini A, Jiang Y, Nixon RA (2018) Dysfunction of autophagy and endosomal-lysosomal pathways: roles in pathogenesis of Down syndrome and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Free Radic Biol Med 114:40\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.001","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"23703_CR18","first-page":"607","volume":"22","author":"LJ DeGroot","year":"1993","unstructured":"DeGroot LJ (1993) Effects of irradiation on the thyroid gland. North Am 22(3):607\u2013615","journal-title":"North Am"},{"key":"23703_CR19","unstructured":"DeMaagd G, Philip A (2015) Parkinson\u2019s disease and its management: Part 1: disease entity, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis. 40(8):504\u201332"},{"issue":"3","key":"23703_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12036","volume":"35","author":"E Dupont","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dupont E, Gomez J, Bilodeau D (2013) Beyond UV radiation: a skin under challenge. Int J Cosmet Sci 35(3):224\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ics.12036","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"23703_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1159\/000316476","volume":"44","author":"AE Fletcher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fletcher AE (2010) Free radicals, antioxidants and eye diseases: evidence from epidemiological studies on cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Res 44(3):191\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000316476","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"23703_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym295","volume":"37","author":"AM Garc\u00eda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda AM, Sisternas A, Hoyos SP (2008) Occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 37(2):329\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dym295","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"23703_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782462","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/782462","volume":"2012","author":"S Genc","year":"2012","unstructured":"Genc S, Zadeoglulari Z, Fuss SH, Genc K (2012) The adverse effects of air pollution on the nervous system. J Toxicol 2012:782462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/782462","journal-title":"J Toxicol"},{"issue":"02","key":"23703_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S591","DOI":"10.3233\/2FJAD-2010-100336","volume":"20","author":"GE Gibson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gibson GE, Shi Q (2010) A mitocentric view of Alzheimer\u2019s disease suggests multi-faceted treatments. J Alzheimers Dis 20(02):S591\u2013S607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/2FJAD-2010-100336","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"23703_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1100","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30309-7","volume":"6","author":"Global research on developmental disabilities collaborators","year":"2018","unstructured":"Global research on developmental disabilities collaborators (2018) Developmental disabilities among children younger than 5 years in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Glob Health 6(10):e1100\u2013e1121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30309-7","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"23703_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2307\/3574702","volume":"72","author":"NJ Gross","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gross NJ (1997) Alveolar macrophage number: an index of the effect of radiation on the lungs. Radiat Res 72:325\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3574702","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"23703_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/56625","author":"J Hee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hee J, Keun J (2013) Multiple routes of motor neuron degeneration in ALS. Curr Adv Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/56625","journal-title":"Curr Adv Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"23703_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2006.044883","volume":"44","author":"R Huang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huang R, Huang J, Cathcart H, Smith S, Poduslo SE (2007) Genetic variants in brain-derived neurotrophic factor associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Med Genet 44(2):e66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmg.2006.044883","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"23703_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600504","volume":"1","author":"M Inglese","year":"2008","unstructured":"Inglese M, Adhya S, Johnson G, Babb JS, Miles L, Jaggi H, Herbert J, Grossman RI (2008) Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging correlates of neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1:164\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600504","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"23703_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000442256","volume":"46","author":"J J\u00falvez","year":"2016","unstructured":"J\u00falvez J, Paus T, Bellinger D, Eskenazi B, Tiemeier H et al (2016) Environment and brain development: challenges in the global context. Neuroepidemiology 46:79\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000442256","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"23703_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100858","volume":"79","author":"K Kaarniranta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaarniranta K, Uusitalo H, Blasiak J, Felszeghy S, Kannan R, Kauppinen A, Salminen A, Sinha D, Ferrington D (2020) Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their impact on age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 79:100858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100858","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"23703_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000206","volume":"28","author":"I Katz Sand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Katz Sand I (2015) Classification, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. CurrOpin Neurol 28(3):193\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000206","journal-title":"CurrOpin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"23703_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-012-0436-7","volume":"52","author":"SJ Kempf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kempf SJ, Azimzadeh O, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S (2013) Long-term effects of ionising radiation on the brain: cause for concern? Radiat Environ Biophys 52(1):5\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00411-012-0436-7","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"23703_CR34","unstructured":"Kouli A, Torsney KM, Kuan WL (2018) Parkinson\u2019s disease: pathogenesis and clinical aspects. In: Stoker TB, Greenland JC (eds)\u00a0Parkinson\u2019s disease: pathogenesis and clinical aspects.\u00a0Codon\u00a0Publications,\u00a0Brisbane"},{"issue":"8","key":"23703_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10478","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms130810478","volume":"13","author":"H Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar H, Lim HW, More SV, Kim BW, Koppula S, Kim IS, Choi DK (2012) The role of free radicals in the aging brain and Parkinson\u2019s disease: convergence and parallelism. Int J Mol Sci 13(8):10478\u201310504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms130810478","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"38","key":"23703_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6749","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990711","volume":"19","author":"E Kuznetsova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuznetsova E, Schliebs R (2013) \u03b2-Amyloid, cholinergic transmission, and cerebrovascular system \u2013 a developmental study in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Curr Pharm Des 19(38):6749\u20136765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/13816128113199990711","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"23703_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1455","volume":"6","author":"AM Landtblom","year":"1993","unstructured":"Landtblom AM, Flodin U, Karlsson M, P\u00e5lhagen S, Axelson O, S\u00f6derfeldt B (1993) Multiple sclerosis and exposure to solvents, ionizing radiation and animals. Scand J Work Environ Health 6:399\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5271\/sjweh.1455","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"23703_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170308","volume":"59","author":"S Lehrer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lehrer S, Rheinstein PH, Rosenzweig KE (2017) Association of radon background and total background ionizing radiation with Alzheimer\u2019s disease deaths in U.S. states. J Alzheimers Dis. 59(2):737\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-170308","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"issue":"9827","key":"23703_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60282-7","volume":"379","author":"LS Lim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lim LS, Mitchell P, Seddon JM, Holz FG, Wong TY (2012) Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet 379(9827):1728\u20131738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60282-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2A","key":"23703_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A43","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/29\/2A\/S04","volume":"29","author":"MP Little","year":"2009","unstructured":"Little MP (2009) Cancer and non-cancer effects in Japanese atomic bomb survivors. J Radiol Prot 29(2A):A43-59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0952-4746\/29\/2A\/S04","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"23703_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2010.01.008","volume":"687","author":"MP Little","year":"2010","unstructured":"Little MP (2010) Do non-targeted effects increase or decrease low dose risk in relation to the linear-non-threshold (LNT) model? Mutat Res 687(1\u20132):17\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2010.01.008","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"23703_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-8-12","volume":"8","author":"DJ Llewellyn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Xie J, Huppert FA, Melzer D, Langa KM (2008) Framingham Stroke Risk Profile and poor cognitive function: a population-based study. BMC Neurol 8:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2377-8-12","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"23703_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1389.1","volume":"171","author":"XR Lowe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lowe XR, Bhattacharya S, Marchetti F, Wyrobek AJ (2009) Early brain response to low-dose radiation exposure involves molecular networks and pathways associated with cognitive functions, advanced aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Radiat Res 171(1):53\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/RR1389.1","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"23703_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9832839","author":"F Magrinelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Magrinelli F, Picelli A, Tocco P, Federico A, Roncari L, Smania N, Zanette G, Tamburin S (2016) Pathophysiology of motor dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease as the rationale for drug treatment and rehabilitation. ParkinsonsDis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/9832839","journal-title":"ParkinsonsDis"},{"key":"23703_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-017-0099-z","volume":"6","author":"P Maiti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL (2017) Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: targets for potential treatments. TranslNeurodegener 6:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-017-0099-z","journal-title":"TranslNeurodegener"},{"issue":"8","key":"23703_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.274329","volume":"15","author":"AA Mamun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mamun AA, Uddin MS, Mathew B, Ashraf GM (2020) Toxic tau: structural origins of tau aggregation in Alzhiemer\u2019s disease Neural Regen. Res 15(8):1417\u20131420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1673-5374.274329","journal-title":"Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"23703_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2016.09.229","volume":"6","author":"M Marvanova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marvanova M (2016) Introduction to Parkinson disease (PD) and its complications. Ment Health Clin 6(5):229\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9740\/mhc.2016.09.229","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"23703_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1900177","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201900177","volume":"352","author":"B Mathew","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathew B, Parambi DGT, Mathew GE, Uddin MS, Inasu ST, Kim H, Marathakam A, Unnikrishnan MK, Carradori S (2019) Emerging therapeutic potentials of dual-acting MAO and AChE inhibitors in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Arch Pharm (weinheim) 352(11):e1900177","journal-title":"Arch Pharm (weinheim)"},{"key":"23703_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.12659\/ajcr.900537","volume":"17","author":"R Mehanna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mehanna R, Jimenez-Shahed J, Itin I (2016) Three cases of levodopa-resistant parkinsonism after radiation therapy. Am J Case Rep 17:916\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/ajcr.900537","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"23703_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.06.014.5","volume":"66","author":"RC Miller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miller RC, Lachance DH, Lucchinetti CF, Keegan BM, Gavrilova RH, Brown PD, Weinshenker BG, Rodriguez M (2006) Multiple sclerosis, brain radiotherapy, and risk of neurotoxicity: the Mayo Clinic experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66(4):1178\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.06.014.5","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"23703_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13411","volume":"136","author":"MR Minter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Minter MR, Taylor JM, Crack PJ (2016) The contribution of neuroinflammation to amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurochem 136(3):457\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.13411","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"23703_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.09.016","volume":"15","author":"AJ Mishizen-Eberz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mishizen-Eberz AJ, Rissman RA, Carter TL, Ikonomovic MD, Wolfe BB, Armstrong DM (2004) Biochemical and molecular studies of NMDA receptor subunits NR1\/2A\/2B in hippocampal subregions throughout progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology. Neurobiol Dis 15(1):80\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.09.016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"23703_CR53","first-page":"145","volume":"28","author":"MR Motamed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Motamed MR, Fereshtehnejad SM, Abbasi M, Sanei M, Abbaslou M, Meysami S (2014) X-ray radiation and the risk of multiple sclerosis: do the site and dose of exposure matter? Med J Islam Repub Iran 28:145","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"issue":"12","key":"23703_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2991","volume":"13","author":"M Nassif","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nassif M, Matus S, Castillo K, Hetz C (2010) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis: a journey through the secretory pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal 13(12):1955\u20131989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2009.2991","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"23703_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007","volume":"12","author":"E Neppelberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neppelberg E, Haugen DF, Thorsen L, Tysnes OB (2007) Radiotherapy reduces sialorrhea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 12:1373\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"23703_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000622","volume":"31","author":"J Oh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X (2018) Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Curropin Neurol 31(6):752\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000622","journal-title":"Curropin Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"23703_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1667\/rr3049","volume":"160","author":"DL Preston","year":"2003","unstructured":"Preston DL, Shimizu Y, Pierce DA, Suyama A, Mabuchi K (2003) Studies of mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 13: Solid cancer and noncancer disease mortality: 1950\u20131997. Radiat Res. 160(4):381\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1667\/rr3049","journal-title":"Radiat Res."},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"23703_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.226451","volume":"66","author":"DM Radhakrishnan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan DM, Goyal V (2018) Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review. Neurol India 66(Supplement):S26\u2013S35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.226451","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"12","key":"23703_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70228-4","volume":"11","author":"EM Reiman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reiman EM et al (2012) Brain imaging and fluid biomarker analysis in young adults at genetic risk for autosomal dominant Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the presenilin 1 E280A kindred: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol 11(12):1048\u20131056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70228-4","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"23703_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-4-365","volume":"16","author":"A Sauerbier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sauerbier A, Qamar MA, Rajah T, Chaudhuri KR (2016) New concepts in the pathogenesis and presentation of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin Med (lond) 16(4):365\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-4-365","journal-title":"Clin Med (lond)"},{"key":"23703_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00134","volume":"10","author":"NK Sharma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma NK, Sharma R, Mathur D, Sharad S, Minhas G, Bhatia K, Anand A, Ghosh SP (2018) Role of ionizing radiation in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 10:134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00134","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"23703_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.08.002","volume":"36","author":"DK Simon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simon DK, Tanner CM, Brundin P (2020) Parkinson disease epidemiology, pathology, genetics, and pathophysiology. Clin Geriatr Med 36(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2019.08.002","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"23703_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3358-8","volume":"1","author":"T Sinnecker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinnecker T, Oberwahrenbrock T, Metz I, Zimmermann H, Pfueller CF, Harms L, Ruprecht K, Ramien C, Hahn K, Br\u00fcck W, Niendorf T, Paul F, Brandt AU, D\u00f6rr J, Wuerfel J (2015) Optic radiation damage in multiple sclerosis is associated with visual dysfunction and retinal thinning-an ultrahigh-field MR pilot study. Eur Radiol 1:122\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-014-3358-8","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"23703_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/2Fs11065-010-9148-4","volume":"20","author":"J Stiles","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stiles J, Jernigan TL (2010) The basics of brain development. Neuropsychol Rev 20(4):327\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/2Fs11065-010-9148-4","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"23703_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00169","volume":"4","author":"K Su","year":"2013","unstructured":"Su K, Bourdette D, Forte M (2013) Mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Front Physiol 4:169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2013.00169","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"23703_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.10.002","volume":"25","author":"DL Sultzer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sultzer DL, Marder SR (2017) Older brains are different: brain-behavior studies and their clinical utility. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 25(1):11\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.10.002","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"23703_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03365.x","volume":"19","author":"JE Swatton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Swatton JE, Sellers LA, Faull RL, Holland A, Iritani S, Bahn S (2004) Increased MAP kinase activity in Alzheimer\u2019s and Down syndrome but not in schizophrenia human brain. Eur J Neurosci 19(10):2711\u20132719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03365.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"23703_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrw120","volume":"58","author":"FR Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang FR, Loke WK, Khoo BC (2017a) Low-dose or low-dose-rate ionizing radiation-induced bioeffects in animal models. J RadiatRRes 58(2):165\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrr\/rrw120","journal-title":"J RadiatRRes"},{"issue":"4","key":"23703_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2016.11.001","volume":"39","author":"FR Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang FR, Loke WK, Khoo BC (2017b) Postnatal irradiation-induced hippocampal neuropathology, cognitive impairment and aging. Brain Dev 39(4):277\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.braindev.2016.11.001","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"23703_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.03.027","volume":"175","author":"FR Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang FR, Loke WK, Wong P, Khoo BC (2017c) Radioprotective effect of ursolic acid in radiation-induced impairment of neurogenesis, learning and memory in adolescent BALB\/c mouse. PhysiolBehav 175:37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.03.027","journal-title":"PhysiolBehav"},{"key":"23703_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134836","volume":"700","author":"MS Uddin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Tewari D, Mathew B, Aleya L (2019) Emerging signal regulating potential of small molecule bioflavonoids to combat neuropathological insults of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci Total Environ 700:134836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134836","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"11","key":"23703_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112818","volume":"20","author":"MAJ Van den Bos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van den Bos MAJ, Geevasinga N, Higashihara M, Menon P, Vucic S (2019) Pathophysiology and diagnosis of ALS: insights from advances in neurophysiological techniques. Int J Mol Sci 20(11):2818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20112818","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"23703_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.06.011","volume":"2","author":"J Van Horssen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Horssen J, Witte ME, Schreibelt G, de Vries HE (2011) Radical changes in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. BiochimBiophys Acta 2:141\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.06.011","journal-title":"BiochimBiophys Acta"},{"issue":"9","key":"23703_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2011.06.004","volume":"10","author":"MR Vasko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vasko MR, Guo C, Thompson EL, Kelley MR (2011) The repair function of the multifunctional DNA repair\/redox protein APE1 is neuroprotective after ionizing radiation. DNA Repair (amst) 10(9):942\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dnarep.2011.06.004","journal-title":"DNA Repair (amst)"},{"issue":"20","key":"23703_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2017.09.005","volume":"429","author":"MM W\u00f6rdehoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"W\u00f6rdehoff MM, Shaykhalishahi H, Gro\u00df L, Gremer L, Stoldt M, Buell AK, Willbold D, Hoyer W (2017) Opposed effects of dityrosine formation in soluble and aggregated \u03b1-synuclein on fibril growth. J Mol Biol 429(20):3018\u20133030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2017.09.005","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"23703_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-012-1966-z","volume":"250","author":"D Wysokinski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wysokinski D, Zaras M, Dorecka M, Waszczyk M, Szaflik J, Blasiak J, Szaflik JP (2012) An association between environmental factors and the IVS4+44C>A polymorphism of the DMT1 gene in age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 250(7):1057\u20131065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-012-1966-z","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"47","key":"23703_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12384","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706248114","volume":"114","author":"J Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang J, Zhang X, Yuan P, Yang J, Xu Y, Grutzendler J, Shao Y, Moore A, Ran C (2017) Oxalate-curcumin-based probe for micro- and macroimaging of reactive oxygen species in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(47):12384\u201312389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1706248114","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"23703_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(87)90115-9","volume":"31","author":"RW Young","year":"1987","unstructured":"Young RW (1987) Pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration. Survophthalmol 31(5):291\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0039-6257(87)90115-9","journal-title":"Survophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-022-23703-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-022-23703-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-022-23703-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T06:38:56Z","timestamp":1668667136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-022-23703-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"58","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["23703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-23703-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-1344","1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-1344","type":"print"},{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}