{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:19:31Z","timestamp":1778883571694,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24067-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T11:10:25Z","timestamp":1670411425000},"page":"33206-33228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Numerical simulation of social distancing of preventing airborne transmission in open space with lateral wind direction, taking into account temperature of human body and floor surface"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Alibek","family":"Issakhov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perizat","family":"Omarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aizhan","family":"Abylkassymova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"24067_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alexei Pichardo-Orta F, Pati\u00f1o-Luna AO, V\u00e9lez-Cordero JR (2022) Natural ventilation in urban buses: from negative pressure to velocity-driven dispersion of aerosols.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1308008\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1308008\/v1"},{"issue":"12","key":"24067_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20333232","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaetworkopen.2020.33232","volume":"3","author":"G Birgand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Birgand G, Peiffer-Smadja N, Fournier S, Kerneis S, Lescure F-X, Lucet J-C (2020) Assessment of air contamination by SARS-CoV-1 in hospital settings. J Am Med Assoc 3(12):e20333232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaetworkopen.2020.33232","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"24067_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"073309","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0019090","volume":"32","author":"G Busco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Busco G, Yang SR, Seo J, Hassan YA (2020) Sneezing and asymptomatic virus transmission. Phys Fluids 32(7):073309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0019090","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"key":"24067_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2565","volume":"323","author":"Y Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin D-Y, Chen L et al (2020) Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19. J Am Med Assoc 323:1406\u20131407","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"24067_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.06.057","volume":"300","author":"J Bartzis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bartzis J, Efthimiou G, Andronopoulos S (2015) Modelling short term individual exposure from airborne hazardous releases in urban environments. J Hazard Mater 300:182\u2013188","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"24067_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","volume":"395","author":"JFW Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CCY, Poon RWS et al (2020) A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 395:514\u2013523","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"24067_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cai J, Sun W, Huang J, Gamber M, Wu J, He G (2020) Indirect virus transmission in cluster of COVID-19 cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020. Emerging Infect Dis 26(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2606.200412","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200412"},{"key":"24067_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16670-2","volume":"11","author":"PY Chia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chia PY, Coleman KK, Tan YK, Ong SWX, Gum M, Lau SK, Sutjipto S, Lee PH, Son TT, Young BE et al (2020) Detection of air and surface contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in hospital rooms of infected patients. Nat Commun 11:1\u20137","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"24067_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.10.003","volume":"40","author":"CYH Chao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chao CYH, Wan MP, Morawska L, Johnson GR, Ristovski ZD, Hargreaves M, Mengersen K, Corbett S, Li Y, Xie X, Katoshevski D (2009) Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening. J Aerosol Sci 40:122\u2013133","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"24067_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/s0196-6553(98)70046-x","volume":"26","author":"EC Cole","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cole EC, Cook CE (1998) Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies. Am J Infect Control 26(4):453\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0196-6553(98)70046-x","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"24067_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.03.042","volume":"118","author":"L Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen L, Hang J, Sandberg M, Claesson L, Di Sabatino S, Wigo H (2017) The impacts of building height variations and building packing densities on flow adjustment and city breathability in idealized urban models. Build Environ 118:344\u2013361","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR12","first-page":"471","volume":"54","author":"JP Duguid","year":"1945","unstructured":"Duguid JP (1945) The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei. J Hyg 54:471\u2013479","journal-title":"J Hyg"},{"key":"24067_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dbouk T, Drikakis D (2020) On coughing and airborne droplet transmission to humans. Phys Fluids 32:053310\u20131\u2013053310\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0011960","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0011960"},{"key":"24067_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Escombe AR, Oeser C, Gilman RH, Navincopa M, Ticona E, Martinez C, \u2026, Evans CA (2007) The detection of airborne transmission of tuberculosis from HIV-infected patients, using an in vivo air sampling model. Clin Infect Dis 44(10):1349\u20131357.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/515397","DOI":"10.1086\/515397"},{"key":"24067_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2020.105585","volume":"147","author":"Y Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng Y, Marchal T, Sperry T, Yi H (2020) Influence of wind and relative humidity on the social distancing effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 airborne transmission: a numerical study. J Aerosol Sci 147:105585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2020.105585","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"issue":"Part B, March 2","key":"24067_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112074","volume":"204","author":"JO Grimalt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grimalt JO, V\u00edlchez H, Fraile-Ribotc PA, Marco E, Campins A, Orfila J, van Drooge BL, Fanjul F (2022) Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital areas. Environ Res 204(Part B, March 2022):112074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112074","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"24067_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00619.x","volume":"19","author":"JK Gupta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gupta JK, Lin C-H, Chen Q (2009) Flow dynamics and characterization of a cough. Indoor Air 19(6):517\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00619.x","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"24067_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141856","volume":"752","author":"C Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao C, Li Y, Wei J, Cotton S, Hamilton M, Wang L, Cowling B (2021) Multi-route respiratory infection: when a transmission route may dominate. Sci Total Environ 752:141856","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR19","unstructured":"Hinds WC (1982) Aerosol technology: properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles. Wiley, New York, p. 504."},{"issue":"30","key":"24067_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.06.00","volume":"40","author":"NS Holmes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holmes NS, Morawska L (2006) A review of dispersion modelling and its application to the dispersion of particles: an overview of different dispersion models available. Atmos Environ 40(30):5902\u20135928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.06.00","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s2010132520500194","author":"A Hasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hasan A (2020) Tracking the flu virus in a room mechanical ventilation using CFD tools and effective disinfection of an HVAC system. Int J Air-Cond Refrig. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s2010132520500194","journal-title":"Int J Air-Cond Refrig"},{"key":"24067_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.138","volume":"584\u2013585","author":"L He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He L, Hang J, Wang X, Lin B, Li X, Lan G (2017) Numerical investigations of flow and passive pollutant exposure in high-rise deep street canyons with various street aspect ratios and viaduct settings. Sci Total Environ 584\u2013585:189\u2013206","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-019-02211-y","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Mashenkova A (2019) Numerical study for the assessment of pollutant dispersion from a thermal power plant under the different temperature regimes. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13762-019-02211-y","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"24067_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-019-02517-x","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Omarova P (2019) Numerical simulation of pollutant dispersion in the residential areas with continuous grass barriers. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13762-019-02517-x","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"24067_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-020-00856-0","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Omarova P, Issakhov As (2020a) Numerical study of thermal influence to pollutant dispersion in the idealized urban street road. Air Qual Atmos Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11869-020-00856-0","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"key":"24067_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19942060.2020.1800515","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Alimbek A, Issakhov As (2020b) A numerical study for the assessment of air pollutant dispersion with chemical reactions from a thermal power plant. Eng Appl Comput Fluid Mech. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19942060.2020.1800515","journal-title":"Eng Appl Comput Fluid Mech"},{"key":"24067_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125239","volume":"282","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Alimbek A, Zhandaulet Y (2021a) The assessment of water pollution by chemical reaction products from the activities of industrial facilities: Numerical study. J Clean Prod 282:125239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125239","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"24067_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88645-2","volume":"11","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Zhandaulet Y, Omarova P, Alimbek A, Borsikbayeva A, Mustafayeva A (2021b) A numerical assessment of social distancing of preventing airborne transmission of COVID-19 during different breathing and coughing processes. Sci Rep 11:9412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-88645-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"24067_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126450","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Omarova P (2021) Modelling and analysis of the effects of barrier height on automobiles emission dispersion. J Clean Prod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126450","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"24067_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19942060.2019.1584126","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Zhandaulet Y (2019) Numerical simulation of thermal pollution zones\u2019 formations in the water environment from the activities of the power plant. Eng Appl Comput Fluid Mech. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19942060.2019.1584126","journal-title":"Eng Appl Comput Fluid Mech"},{"key":"24067_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126212","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Borsikbayeva A (2021) The impact of a multilevel protection column on the propagation of a water wave and pressure distribution during a dam break: numerical simulation. J Hydrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126212","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"24067_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132581","volume":"366","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Abylkassymova A, Issakhov A (2022a) Assessment of the influence of the barriers height and trees with porosity properties on the dispersion of emissions from vehicles in a residential area with various types of building developments. J Clean Prod 366:132581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132581","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"24067_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2022.101112","volume":"43","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Tursynzhanova A, Abylkassymova A (2022b) Numerical study of air pollution exposure in idealized urban street canyons: porous and solid barriers. Urban Climate 43:101112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.uclim.2022.101112","journal-title":"Urban Climate"},{"key":"24067_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-18713-1","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Omarova P, Borsikbayeva A (2022c) Assessment of airborne transmission from coughing processes with thermal plume adjacent to body and radiators on effectiveness of social distancing. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-18713-1","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"24067_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Issakhov\u00a0A, Alimbek\u00a0A, Abylkassymova A(2022) Numerical modeling of water pollution by products of chemical reactions from the activities of industrial facilities at variable and constant temperatures of the environment. J Contamin Hydrol 104116\u2013S0169772222001644 104116.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2022.104116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2022.104116"},{"key":"24067_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones WP and Launder\u00a0BE (1972) The prediction of laminarization with a two-equation model of turbulence. Int J Heat Mass Trans 15(2):301\u2013314 0017931072900762.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0017-9310(72)90076-2","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(72)90076-2"},{"issue":"6493","key":"24067_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5793","volume":"368","author":"S Kissler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kissler S, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad Y, Lipsitch M (2020) Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post pandemic period. Science 368(6493):860\u2013868","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"24067_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.01.022","author":"G Kampf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E (2020) Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.01.022","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"24067_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113301","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0026360","volume":"32","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H, Leong FY, Xu G, Ge Z, Kang CW, Lim KH (2020) Dispersion of evaporating cough droplets in tropical outdoor environment. Phys Fluids 32:113301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0026360","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"6","key":"24067_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"065107","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0013318","volume":"32","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang J-X, Chen X (2020) Can a toilet promote virus transmission? From a fluid dynamics perspective. Phys Fluids 32(6):065107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0013318","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"8","key":"24067_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198002213020807","volume":"302","author":"JM Leclair","year":"1980","unstructured":"Leclair JM, Zaia JA, Levin MJ, Congdon RG, Goldmann DA (1980) Airborne transmission of chickenpox in a hospital. N Engl J Med 302(8):450\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm198002213020807","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"24067_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030151","volume":"3","author":"AC Lowen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lowen AC, Mubareka S, Steel J, Palese P (2007) Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature. PLoS Pathog 3(10):e151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030151","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"24067_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.01.004","volume":"96","author":"F Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li F, Liu J, Ren J, Cao X, Zhu Y (2016) Numerical investigation of airborne contaminant transport under different vortex structures in the aircraft cabin. Int J Heat Mass Transf 96:287\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.01.004","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"24067_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.04.018","volume":"296","author":"C Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu C, Ng C, Wong C (2015) A theory of ventilation estimate over hypothetical urban areas. J Hazard Mater 296:9\u201316","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"24067_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.11.025","volume":"128","author":"X Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li X, Shang Y, Yan Y, Yang L, Tu J (2018) Modelling of evaporation of cough droplets in inhomogeneous humidity fields using the multi-component Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. Build Environ 128:68\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.11.025","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR46","first-page":"1049","volume":"118","author":"F Memarzadeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Memarzadeh F (2012) Literature review of the effect of temperature and humidity on viruses. Ashrae Trans 118:1049\u20131060","journal-title":"Ashrae Trans"},{"key":"24067_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menter FR (1994) Two-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models for Engineering Applications. AIAA J 32(8):1598\u20131605","DOI":"10.2514\/3.12149"},{"key":"24067_CR48","unstructured":"Menter FR and Kuntz M (2003) Development and Application of a Zonal DES Turbulence Model for CFX-5, CFX-Validation Report, CFX-VAL17\/0503"},{"key":"24067_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105832","volume":"142","author":"L Morawska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morawska L, Tang JW, Bahnfleth W, Bluyssend PM, Boerstrae A, Buonanno G et al (2020) How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised? Environ Int 142:105832","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"24067_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106338","volume":"147","author":"A Mizukoshi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mizukoshi A, Nakama C, Okumura J, Azuma K (2021) Assessing the risk of COVID-19 from multiple pathways of exposure to SARS-CoV-2: Modeling in health-care settings and effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions. Environ Int 147:106338","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"24067_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002","volume":"40","author":"L Morawska","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morawska L, Johnson GR, Ristovski Z, Hargreaves M, Mengersen K, Chao CYH, Li Y, Katoshevski D (2009) Size distribution and sites of origins of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities. J Aerosol Sci 40:256\u2013269","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"24067_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.1477","volume":"789","author":"S Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park S, Choi Y, Song D, Kim EK (2021) Natural ventilation strategy and related issues to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) airborne transmission in a school building. Sci Total Environ 789:147764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.1477","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.1997.10.105","volume":"10","author":"RS Papineni","year":"1997","unstructured":"Papineni RS, Rosenthal FS (1997) The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled breath of healthy human subjects. J Aerosol Med 10:105\u2013116","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med"},{"key":"24067_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pendar M-R, P\u00e1scoa JC (2020) Numerical modeling of the distribution of virus carrying saliva droplets during sneeze and cough. Phys Fluids 32:083305\u20131\u2013083305\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0018432","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0018432"},{"key":"24067_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Psikuta A, Allegrini J, Koelblen B, Bogdan A, Annaheim S, Mart\u00ednez N, Derome D, Carmeliet J, Rossi RM (2017) Thermal manikins controlled by human thermoregulation models for energy efficiency and thermal comfort research \u2013 A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 78:1315\u20131330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.04.115"},{"issue":"10","key":"24067_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.04.011","volume":"46","author":"J Redrow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Redrow J, Mao S, Celik I, Posada JA, Feng Z (2011) Modeling the evaporation and dispersion of airborne sputum droplets expelled from a human cough. Build Environ 46(10):2042\u20132051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.04.011","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.10816","volume":"204","author":"GK Rencken","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rencken GK, Rutherford EK, Ghanta N, Kongoletos J, Glicksman L (2021) Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol spread in typical classrooms. Build Environ 204:108167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.10816","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"issue":"17","key":"24067_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmp048051","volume":"350","author":"CJ Roy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roy CJ, Milton DK (2004) Airborne transmission of communicable infection \u2014 the elusive pathway. N Engl J Med 350(17):1710\u20131712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmp048051","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"24067_CR59","first-page":"2185","volume":"9","author":"T Smieszek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smieszek T, Lazzari G, Salath\u00e9 M (2019) Assessing the dynamics and control of droplet and aerosol-transmitted influenza using an indoor positioning system. Nat Sci Rep 9:2185","journal-title":"Nat Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"24067_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/10643388709388331","volume":"17","author":"SA Sattar","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sattar SA, Ijaz MK, Gerba CP (1987) Spread of viral infections by aerosols. Crit Rev Environ Control 17(2):89\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10643388709388331","journal-title":"Crit Rev Environ Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"24067_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01317930","volume":"51","author":"FL Schaffer","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schaffer FL, Soergel ME, Straube DC (1976) Survival of airborne influenza virus: Effects of propagating host, relative humidity, and composition of spray fluids. Adv Virol 51(4):263\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf01317930","journal-title":"Adv Virol"},{"key":"24067_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.093","volume":"631\u2013632","author":"M Scungio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scungio M, Stabile L, Rizza V, Pacitto A, Russi A, Buonanno G (2018) Lung cancer risk assessment due to traffic-generated particles exposure in urban street canyons: a numerical modelling approach. Sci Total Environ 631\u2013632:1109\u20131116","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR63","unstructured":"Spalart PR (1997) Comments on the feasibility of LES for wing and on a hybrid RANS\/LES approach. 1st ASOSR CONFERENCE on DNS\/LES. Arlington"},{"issue":"21","key":"24067_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11279","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111279","volume":"18","author":"Y Takanabe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takanabe Y, Maruoka Y, Kondo J, Yagi S, Chikazu D, Okamoto R, Saitoh M (2021) Dispersion of aerosols generated during dental therapy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(21):11279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182111279","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl_6","key":"24067_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S737","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0227.focus","volume":"6","author":"JW Tang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tang JW (2009) The effect of environmental parameters on the survival of airborne infectious agents. J Royal Soc Interface 6(Suppl_6):S737\u2013S746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2009.0227.focus","journal-title":"J Royal Soc Interface"},{"key":"24067_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532","volume":"750","author":"N Tung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tung N, Cheng P, Chi K, Hsiao T, Jones T, B\u00e9ruB\u00e9 K, Ho KF, Chuang H (2021) Particulate matter and SARS-CoV-2: a possible model of COVID-19 transmission. Sci Total Environ 750:141532","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7185-0_11","author":"TN Verma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verma TN, Sahu AK, Sinha SL (2017) Numerical simulation of air pollution control in hospital. Air Pollut Control. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-7185-0_11","journal-title":"Air Pollut Control"},{"key":"24067_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmc2004973","volume":"382","author":"N van Doremalen","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, Lloyd-Smith JO, de Wit E, Munster VJ (2020) Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 382:1564\u20131567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmc2004973","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"24067_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weissberg D, B\u00f6ni J, Rampini SK, Kufner V, Zaheri M, Schreiber PW, \u2026, Wolfensberger A (2020) Does respiratory co-infection facilitate dispersal of SARS-CoV-2? investigation of a super-spreading event in an open-space office. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-020-00861-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00861-z"},{"key":"24067_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115161","volume":"266","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Yang W, Pan L, Ji J, Shen J, Zhao K, Ying B, Wang X, Zhang L, Wang L, Shi X (2020a) Prevention and control of COVID-19 in nursing homes, orphanages, and prisons. Environ Pollut 266:115161","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"24067_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138120","volume":"725","author":"W Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang W, Yao X, Shu J (2020b) Air advection induced differences between canopy and surface heat islands. Sci Total Environ 725:138120","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"9","key":"24067_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.06.003","volume":"44","author":"J Wei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wei J, Li Y (2016) Airborne spread of infectious agents in the indoor environment. Am J Infect Control 44(9):S102\u2013S108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.06.003","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"24067_CR73","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/advice-forpublic. Accessed 15 Nov 2020"},{"key":"24067_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0075-9","volume":"12","author":"P Xian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xian P, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B (2020) Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci 12:9","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"24067_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2018.06.006","volume":"123","author":"X Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu X, Shang Y, Tian L, Weng W, Tu J (2018) A numerical study on firefighter nasal airway dosimetry of smoke particles from a realistic composite deck fire. J Aerosol Sci 123:91\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2018.06.006","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"24067_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12121640","volume":"12","author":"X Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu X, Zhang J, Zhu L, Huang Q (2021) Settings open access review transmission of SARS-CoV-2 indoor and outdoor environments. Atmosphere 12(12):1640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos12121640","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"24067_CR77","first-page":"133","volume":"94","author":"F Ye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ye F, Xu S, Zhihua R, Xu R, Liu X, Deng P et al (2020b) Delivery of infection from asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19 in a familial cluster Int. J Infect Dis 94:133\u2013138","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"24067_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106529","volume":"169","author":"H Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang H, Chen T, Lin Y, Buccolieri R, Mattsson M, Zhang M, Hang J, Wang Q (2020) Integrated impacts of tree planting and street aspect ratios on CO dispersion and personal exposure in full-scale street canyons. Build Environ 169:106529","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140396","volume":"741","author":"Y Yao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yao Y, Pan J, Wang W, Liu Z, Kan H, Qiu Y, Meng X, Wang W (2020) Association of particulate matter pollution and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in 49 Chinese cities. Sci Total Environ 741:140396","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"8","key":"24067_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2004.09.01","volume":"40","author":"B Zhao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhao B, Zhang Z, Li X (2005) Numerical study of the transport of droplets or particles generated by respiratory system indoors. Build Environ 40(8):1032\u20131039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2004.09.01","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zee M et al (2021) Computational fluid dynamics modeling of cough transport in an aircraft cabin. Sci Rep 11:23329\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-02663-8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02663-8"},{"key":"24067_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.09.023","volume":"121","author":"H Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang H, Li D, Xie L, Xiao Y (2015) Documentary research of human respiratory droplet characteristics. Procedia Eng 121:1365\u20131374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.09.023","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"24067_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.03.015","volume":"47","author":"L Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang L, Li Y (2012) Dispersion of coughed droplets in a fully-occupied high-speed rail cabin. Build Environ 47:58\u201366","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110516","volume":"229","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Weerasuriya A, Tse K (2020a) CFD simulation of natural ventilation of a generic building in various incident wind directions: comparison of turbulence modelling, evaluation methods, and ventilation mechanisms. Energy Build 229:110516","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"24067_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135553","volume":"712","author":"K Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang K, Chen G, Zhang Y, Liu S, Wang X, Wang B, Hang J (2020b) Integrated impacts of turbulent mixing and NOx-O3 photochemistry on reactive pollutant dispersion and intake fraction in shallow and deep street canyons. Sci Total Environ 712:135553","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"24067_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang X, Ji Y, Yue Y, Liu H, Wang J (2020c) Infection risk assessment of COVID-19 through aerosol transmission: a case study of south China seafood market. Environ Sci Technol","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02895"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24067-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24067-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24067-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:23:15Z","timestamp":1744158195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24067-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["24067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24067-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors agree to publish.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}