{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T02:03:52Z","timestamp":1775613832949,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Centre Egypt"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract\n<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to estimate the association between some heavy metals in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and kidney damage among workers at different departments in a secondary aluminum production plant. It also investigates the association between Xeroderma Pigmentosum complementation group D (XPD) gene polymorphisms and worker\u2019s susceptibility to kidney dysfunction. It was conducted on 30 workers from the administrative departments and 147 workers from different departments in the production line. Estimation of some heavy metals (Al, Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, and Cd) in suspended particulate matter (SPM) is done. Also, urinary levels of those metals were measured for all workers. Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), clusterin levels, and XPD protein level were estimated. Genotyping of XPD gene polymorphisms was performed. The measured annual average concentrations of the estimated heavy metals were lower than the permissible limits. Gravity area had the maximum concentration of metals with a higher Al average daily dose and hazardous index\u2009&gt;\u20091. Kidney injury biomarkers (clusterin and KIM-1) were increased significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) while XPD protein showed the lowest levels among workers at the gravity and cold rolling areas. XPD <jats:italic>Asn\/Asp<\/jats:italic> genotype was more dominant among those workers (85.7%). Conclusion: aluminum workers are at risk of kidney disorders due to heavy metal exposure. The individual\u2019s susceptibility to the diseases is related to the DNA repair efficiency mechanisms. The defect in XPD protein represents a good indicator of susceptibility to the disease. KIM-1 and clusterin estimation is a predictor biomarker for early-staged kidney diseases.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24270-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T13:59:35Z","timestamp":1669298375000},"page":"29814-29823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nephrotoxic effect of heavy metals and the role of DNA repair gene among secondary aluminum smelter workers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8335-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gehan","family":"Moubarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atef M. F.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inas A.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman M.","family":"Shahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona A.","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"24270_CR1","first-page":"26","volume":"13","author":"SA Al-Qhtani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Qhtani SA, Farran SK (2017) The protective and therapeutic effect of resveratrol in improving renal and hepatic failure induced by aluminum chloride in experimental animals. Exp Cell Res 13(10):26\u201331","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"24270_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.15406\/mojes.2020.05.00185","volume":"5","author":"KOA Amano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amano KOA, Ntiri-Asiedu AG (2020) Mercury emission from the aluminium industry: a review. MOJ Eco Environ Sci 5(3):129\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15406\/mojes.2020.05.00185","journal-title":"MOJ Eco Environ Sci"},{"key":"24270_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2018.08.009","volume":"26","author":"B Ambade","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ambade B (2018) The air pollution during Diwali festival by the burning of fireworks in Jamshedpur city. India, Urban Climate 26:149\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.uclim.2018.08.009","journal-title":"India, Urban Climate"},{"issue":"2","key":"24270_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000586","volume":"25","author":"B Ambade","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ambade B, Sethi SS (2021) Health risk assessment and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from the hydrosphere. J Hazard Toxic Radioact Waste 25(2):1\u201311","journal-title":"J Hazard Toxic Radioact Waste"},{"key":"24270_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56695-2","volume":"10","author":"Z Corredor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corredor Z, Filho MIS, Rodr\u00edguez-Ribera L, Vel\u00e1zquez A, Hern\u00e1ndez A, Catalano C, Hemminki K, Coll E, Silva I, Diaz JM, Ballarin J, Prats MV, Mart\u00ednez JC, F\u00f6rsti A, Marcos R, Pastor S (2020) Genetic variants associated with chronic kidney disease in a Spanish population. Sci Rep 10:144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-56695-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"24270_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.04.016","volume":"69","author":"WR Garcia-Nino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garcia-Nino WR, Pedraza-Chaverri J (2014) Protective effect of curcumin against heavy metals-induced liver damage. Food Chem Toxicol 69:182\u2013201","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"24270_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110297","volume":"192","author":"HS Gazwi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gazwi HS, Yassien EE, Hassan HM (2020) Mitigation of lead neurotoxicity by the ethanolic extract of Laurus leaf in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 192:110297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110297","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Safe"},{"issue":"9","key":"24270_CR8","first-page":"1264","volume":"6","author":"SK Hassan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassan SK, Mohammed AM, Khoder MI (2020) Characterization and health risk assessment of human exposure to PAHs in dust deposited on leaves of street trees in Egypt, polycyclic arom Lain\u00e9 JP, Mocquet V, Bonfanti M, Braun C, Egly JM, Brousset P (2007) Common XPD (ERCC2) polymorphisms have no measurable effect on nucleotide excision repair and basal transcription. DNA Repair 6(9):1264\u20131270","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"24270_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074307","volume":"19","author":"S Hemmaphan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hemmaphan S, Bordeerat N (2022) Genotoxic effects of lead and their impact on the expression of DNA repair genes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:4307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19074307","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"24270_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.34172\/EHEM.2021.36","volume":"8","author":"A Javid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Javid A, Nasiri A, Mahdizadeh H, Momtaz S, Azizian M, Javid N (2021) Determination and risk assessment of heavy metals in air dust fall particles. Environ Health Eng Manag J 8(4):319\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/EHEM.2021.36","journal-title":"Environ Health Eng Manag J"},{"issue":"9","key":"24270_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2007.02.010","volume":"6","author":"JP Lain\u00e9","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lain\u00e9 JP, Mocquet V, Bonfanti M, Braun C, Egly JM, Brousset P (2007) Common XPD (ERCC2) polymorphisms have no measurable effect on nucleotide excision repair and basal transcription. DNA Repair 6(9):1264\u20131270","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"24270_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.08.030","volume":"164","author":"J Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu J, Liu YJ, Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhang AN (2018) Quantitative contributions of the major sources of heavy metals in soils to ecosystem and human health risks: a case study of Yulin, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 164:261\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.08.030","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"24270_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.4.551","volume":"21","author":"RM Lunn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lunn RM, Helzlsouer KJ, Parshad R, Umbach DM, Harris EL, Sanford KK, Bell DA (2000) XPD polymorphisms: effects on DNA repair proficiency. Carcinogenesis 21:551\u2013555","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"24270_CR14","first-page":"227","volume":"5","author":"SJ Moja","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moja SJ, Mnisi JS (2013) Seasonal variations in airborne heavy metals in Vanderbijl park, South Africa. J Environ Chem Ecotoxicol 5:227\u2013233","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Ecotoxicol"},{"key":"24270_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2020.00107","volume":"8","author":"E Morabito","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morabito E, Gregoris E, Belosi F, Contini D, Cesari D, Gambaro A (2020) Multi-year concentrations, health risk, and source identification, of air toxics in the Venice Lagoon. Front Environ Sci 8:107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2020.00107","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"issue":"35","key":"24270_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1039\/D0JA00190B","volume":"2020","author":"SK Pradhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pradhan SK, Ambade B (2020) Extractive separation of rare earth elements and their determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry in geological samples. J Anal at Spectrom 2020(35):1395","journal-title":"J Anal at Spectrom"},{"key":"24270_CR17","first-page":"7430","volume":"61","author":"H Seker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Seker H, Butkiewicz D, Bowman ED, Rusin M, Hedayati M, Grossman L, Harris CC (2001) Functional significance of XPD polymorphic variants: attenuated apoptosis in human lymphoblastoid cells with the XPD 312 Asp\/Asp genotype. Cancer Res 61:7430\u20137434","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"24270_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02298-2","volume":"199","author":"P Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh P, Mitra P, Goyal T, Sharma S, Sharma P (2021) Evaluation of DNA damage and expressions of DNA repair gene in occupationally lead exposed workers (Jodhpur, India). Biol Trace Elem Res 199:1707\u20131714","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"24270_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623312444765","volume":"40","author":"P Vinken","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vinken P, Sofie S, Barale P, Thomasi LA, Sonee M, Goeminne N, Versmissn M, Lampo N (2012) Tissue Kim-1 and urinary clusterin as early indicators of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Toxicol Pathol 40:1049\u20131062","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"24270_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.11.017","volume":"101","author":"JQ Yuen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yuen JQ, Olin PH, Lim HS, Benner SG, Sutherland RA, Ziegler AD (2012) Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in road deposited sediments in residential and light industrial neighbour hoods of Singapore. J Environ Manag 101:151\u2013163","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"24270_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali H, Khan E, Ilahi I (2019) Review article: environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Hindawi, Journal of Chemistry, 2019. ID 6730305, 14 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/6730305.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6730305"},{"key":"24270_CR22","unstructured":"ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry) (2017) Lead toxicity and what are possible health effects from lead exposure? https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/lead-poisoning-and-health."},{"key":"24270_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng K, Zhang J, Yi P, Zhu G, Hao W, Ji W, et al. (2020) Exploring the emission characteristics and reduction potential of air pollutants from Chinese aluminum industry: 2005\u20132025. Earth's Future, 8, e2019EF001440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019EF001440","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001440"},{"key":"24270_CR24","unstructured":"EEA (European Environmental Agency) (2016) Air pollutant emission inventory guidebook, Aluminium production, Guidebook"},{"key":"24270_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutowski TG, Sahni S, Allwood JM, Ashby MF, Worrell E (2013) The energy required to produce materials: constraints on energy-intensity improvements, parameters of demand. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 371, 201. Link: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3wX04or","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2012.0003"},{"key":"24270_CR26","unstructured":"IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2014) Agents classified by the iarc monographs, volumes 1\u2013111, http:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/ENG\/Classification\/index.php"},{"key":"24270_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jadoon S, Malik A (2017) DNA damage by heavy metals in animals and human beings: an overview. Biochem Pharmacol 2017, 6:3 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2167-0501.1000235","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0501.1000235"},{"key":"24270_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jena S, Singh G. 2017. Human health risk assessment of airborne trace elements in Dhanbad, India. Atmospheric Pollution Research 8 (2017) 490e502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2016.12.003"},{"key":"24270_CR29","unstructured":"Katja K (2010) Chair of the Task Force on Heavy Metals. Information on emissions from the secondary aluminium and manganese industries. Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Working Group on Strategies and Review, 47th Session, Informal document No 11, Agenda item 4."},{"key":"24270_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed AM, Saleh IA, Abdel-Latif NM (2022) Human health risks from metal contamination in dustfall. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 26(2):2022","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000672"},{"key":"24270_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed AM, Saleh IA, Abdel-Latif, NM. (2020) Evaluation of health risks in Cairo due to deposited dust contaminated with heavy metals. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 24(3):216187269","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000497"},{"key":"24270_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moubarz G, Saad-Hussein A, Shahy E, Mahdy-abdallah H, Mohammed AM,. Saleh IA, Abo-Zeid AM, Abo-Elfadl MT (2022). Lung cancer risk in workers occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with emphasis on the role of DNA repair gene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00420-022-01926-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-022-01926-9"},{"key":"24270_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu J, Liu YJ, Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhang AN (2018) Quantitative contributions of the major sources of heavy metals in soils to ecosystem and human health risks: a case study of Yulin, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 164:261\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.08.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.08.030"},{"key":"24270_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prozialeck WC, Vaidya VS, Liu J, Waalkes MP, Edwards JR, Lamar PC, Bernard AM, Dumont X, Bonventre JV (2007) Kidney injury molecule-1 is an early biomarker of cadmium nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int 72(8):985\u2013993","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002467"},{"key":"24270_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahimzadeh MR, Rahimzadeh MR , Kazemi S , Amiri RJ, Pirzadeh M, and Moghadamnia AA (2022) Aluminum poisoning with emphasis on its mechanism and treatment of intoxication. Emergency Medicine International.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/1480553","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1480553"},{"key":"24270_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-010-0343-x","volume":"17","author":"E Strater","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strater E, Westbeld A, Klemm O (2010) Pollution in coastal fog at Alto Patache, Northern Chile. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 17:1563\u20131573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-010-0343-x","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"24270_CR37","unstructured":"US EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2004) Risk assessment guidance for superfund .Volume I: human health evaluation manual, part E: supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment. EPA\/540\/R\/99\/005, OSWER 9285.7\u201302EP PB99\u2013963312, 2004. Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C."},{"key":"24270_CR38","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2019) Lead poisning and health: key facts.\u00a0https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/lead-poisoning-and-health. Accessed 2019"},{"key":"24270_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan J, Huang H, Liu Z, Shen J, Ni J, Han J, Wang R, Lin D, Hu B, Jin L (2020) Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates hexavalent chromium-induced liver fibrosis by activation of hepatic stellate cells. Toxicol Lett 320:1e8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.11.017"},{"key":"24270_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou R, Xu X, Shen J, Han L, Chen L, Feng X, Kuang X (2016) Urinary KIM-1: a novel biomarker for evaluation of occupational exposure to lead. Scientific Reports 6:38930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep38930","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38930"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24270-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24270-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24270-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T21:04:47Z","timestamp":1679864687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24270-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["24270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24270-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The ethical approval number (19\u2013273) was obtained from the Ethical Committee of National Research Centre, Egypt.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All authors were willing to participate in the work of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The corresponding author took the consent of all co-authors before submitting the paper for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}