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Studies have shown that microwaves can impair cognitive functions in humans and animals, such as learning and memory, attention, and orientation. The dose-dependent effect of microwave radiation is still unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of 1.5-GHz microwaves with different average power densities on locative learning and memory abilities, hippocampal structure, and related N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signalling pathway proteins in rats. A total number of 140 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: S group (sham exposure), L5 group (1.5-GHz microwaves with average power density\u2009=\u20095 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), L30 group (1.5-GHz microwaves with average power density\u2009=\u200930 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), and L50 group (1.5-GHz microwaves with average power density\u2009=\u200950 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Changes in spatial learning and memory, EEG activity, hippocampal structure, and NMDAR signalling pathway molecules were detected from 6\u00a0h to 28 d after microwave exposure. After exposure to 1.5-GHz microwaves, rats in the L30 and L50 groups showed impaired spatial memory, inhibited EEG activity, pyknosis and hyperchromatism of neuron nucleus, and changes in NMDAR subunits and downstream signalling molecules. In conclusion, 1.5-GHz microwaves with an average power density of 5, 30, and 50 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> could induce spatial memory dysfunction, hippocampal structure changes, and changes in protein levels in rats, and there was a defined dose-dependent effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24850-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T06:02:41Z","timestamp":1672120961000},"page":"37427-37439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The dose-dependent effect of 1.5-GHz microwave exposure on spatial memory and the NMDAR pathway in Wistar rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lequan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binwei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuelong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3500-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiyun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"24850_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1228","volume":"19","author":"GW Arendash","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arendash GW, Sanchez-Ramos J, Mori T, Mamcarz M, Lin X, Runfeldt M et al (2010) Electromagnetic field treatment protects against and reverses cognitive impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice. 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