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The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between air pollution exposure in the days before delivery and PTB and assess the threshold effect of short-term prenatal exposure to air pollution on PTB. This study collected data including meteorological factors, air pollutants, and information in Birth Certificate System from 9 districts during 2015\u20132020 in Chongqing, China. Generalized additive models (GAMs) with the distributed lag non-linear models were conducted to assess the acute impact of air pollutants on the daily counts of PTB, after controlling for potential confounding factors. We observed that PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>was related to increased occurrence of PTB on lag 0\u20133 and lag 10\u201321\u00a0days, with the strongest on the first day (RR\u2009=\u20091.017, 95%CI: 1.000\u20131.034) and then decreasing. The thresholds of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>for lag 1\u20137 and 1\u201330\u00a0days were 100\u00a0\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>and 50\u00a0\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, respectively. The lag effect of PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>on PTB was very similar to that of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>. In addition, the lagged and cumulative exposure of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>was also associated with the increased risk of PTB. The lag relative risk and cumulative relative risk of CO exposure were the strongest, with a maximum RR at lag 0 (RR\u2009=\u20091.044, 95%CI: 1.018, 1.069). Importantly, the exposure\u2013response curve of CO showed that RR increased rapidly when the concentration exceeded 1000\u00a0\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. This study indicated significant associations between air pollution and PTB. The relative risk decreases with day lag, while the cumulative effect increases. Thus, pregnant women should understand the risk of air pollution and try to avoid high concentration exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25624-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T03:03:21Z","timestamp":1677035001000},"page":"51679-51691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The short-term effects of air pollution exposure on preterm births in Chongqing, China: 2015\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Ming","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqiong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7167-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"25624_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambade B, Sethi SS, Chintalacheruvu MR. 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