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In the present study, we investigated the effects of DBP in the testes of adult male quails (<jats:italic>Coturnix cortunix japonica<\/jats:italic>) exposed by oral gavage to variable doses of DBP (0 [control], 1, 10, 50, 200, and 400\u00a0mg\/kgbw<jats:sup>\u2212d<\/jats:sup>), for 30\u00a0days during the prepubertal period, using histo-morphometric and ultrastructural techniques. Generally, significant decreases in seminiferous tubular diameter (STD) and epithelial height (SEH) were observed predominantly at the highest DBP doses (200 and 400\u00a0mg\/kg), as compared to medium (50\u00a0mg\/kg), and lowest doses (1 and 10\u00a0mg\/kg) as well as the control group. Ultrastructurally, apparent dose-specific degenerative changes were observed in the Leydig cells. The lowest DBP doses (1 and 10\u00a0mg\/kg) did not produce significant effects on Leydig cell ultrastructure, whereas, at the highest doses (200 and 400\u00a0mg\/kg), the Leydig cells were remarkably conspicuous in the interstitium and appeared foamy. There was a preponderance of electron-lucent lipid droplets which crowded out the normal organelles of the cell, as well as increases in the number of dense bodies in the cytoplasm. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) was less obvious, compacted, and wedged between the abundant lipid droplets and mitochondria. Taken together, these findings indicate that pre-pubertal exposure of precocious quail birds to DBP, produced parameter-specific histometric tubular changes, as well as dose-dependent cyto-structural derangement of the Leydig cells; which consequently may lead to overt reproductive impairments in the adult bird in the environment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25767-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T21:12:19Z","timestamp":1679865139000},"page":"55402-55413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in testicular histomorphometry and ultrastructure of Leydig cells in adult male Japanese quail exposed to di (n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) during the prepubertal period"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4829-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar M.","family":"Bello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0819-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary-Cathrine","family":"Madekurozwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hermanus B.","family":"Groenewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augustine","family":"Arukwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom A.","family":"Aire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"25767_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000122920","volume":"29","author":"EK Adkins","year":"1979","unstructured":"Adkins EK (1979) Effect of embryonic treatment with estradiol or testosterone on sexual differentiation of the quail brain: critical period and dose-response relationships. 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