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The present results showed that saponin had a molluscicidal activity against adult <jats:italic>B. truncatus<\/jats:italic> snails after 24h and 72h with LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> (57.5 and 27.1 ppm, respectively) and had ovicidal acivity on the snails\u2019 embryos. By studying the effect of the sublethal concentrations (LC<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> 48.63 ppm or LC<jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub> 52.83 ppm) exposure on <jats:italic>B. truncatus<\/jats:italic> snails, they resulted in significant decreases in the survivorship, egg-laying, and the reproductive rate compared to untreated snails. Both concentrations caused morphological changes to the snails\u2019 hemocytes, where, after the exposure, granulocytes and hyalinocytes had irregular outer cell membrane and some cell formed pseudopodia. Granulocytes had large number of granules, vacuoles, while hyalinocytes\u2019 nucleus was shrunken. Also, these concentrations resulted in significant increases in sex hormone levels (17\u03b2-estradiol and testosterone) in tissue homogenate of <jats:italic>B. truncatus<\/jats:italic> snails. It resulted in significant decrease in total antioxidant (TAO) activity, while, significantly increased lipid peroxidase (LPO) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitrogen oxide (NO), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as compared to control group. Histopathological and genotoxicological damages occurred in snails\u2019 tissue after exposure to these concentrations. Conclusion, saponin has a molluscicidal effect on <jats:italic>B. truncatus<\/jats:italic> snails and might be used for the control of <jats:italic>schistosomiasis haematobium.<\/jats:italic> Besides, these snails could be used as invertebrate models to reflect the toxic effects of saponin in the aquatic ecosystem.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-27668-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T14:03:00Z","timestamp":1685973780000},"page":"78641-78652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ovicidal, immunotoxic and endocrine disrupting effects of saponin on Bulinus truncatus snails with special emphasize on the oxidative stress parameters, genotoxicological, and histopathological alterations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9149-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amina M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Al-Fanharawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebat-Allah A.","family":"Dokmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"27668_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdel-Tawab H, Ibrahim AM, Hussein T, Mohamed F (2022) Mechanism of action and toxicological evaluation of engineered layered double hydroxide nanomaterials in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. 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