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Forty-five fish were divided into three equal groups: the control, the HS group at 36 \u00b0C, and the HS treated with alcoholic extraction of propolis that dissolved in water for 3 weeks. The results of our study suggested that the stress response differs among tissues thymus, spleen, and liver. All the tissues showed alteration in morphological and cytological structure at the light microscope (LM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM); thymus showed edema and thymocyte destruction; the spleen detected collagen deposition, and the liver displayed endoplasmic reticulum amplification (ER). In addition, we examined oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses (lipid peroxidation, catalase, and glutathione) of the spleen and measured blood biochemical parameters (alanine transaminase and aspartic transaminase levels) after heat stress. However, this toxic effect of HS was neutralized by the propolis extraction. To conclude, propolis is recommended to cope with the impacts of heat stress on catfish (\n                    <jats:italic>Clarias gariepinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) by improving immunity and antioxidative resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30386-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T06:03:30Z","timestamp":1697695410000},"page":"114152-114165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cytoprotective effect of propolis on heat stress induces alteration to histological, ultrastructural, and oxidative stress in catfish (Clarias gariepinus)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Mariana S.","family":"Alfons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6111-443X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Th.A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S. 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None of the authors used human beings as research subjects. All procedures of the current experiment have been approved by the Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary, Assiut University, Egypt, No. 06\/2023\/0052.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"In the present study, there was no person\u2019s data in any form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}