{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:25:35Z","timestamp":1787315135908,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-31662-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T23:22:06Z","timestamp":1704496926000},"page":"9031-9044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pharmacotherapeutic potential of ginkgetin against polystyrene microplastics\u2013instigated testicular toxicity in rats: A biochemical, spermatological, and histopathological assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Akbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8398-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Umar","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"31662_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1051-2","volume":"18","author":"T Afsar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Afsar T, Razak S, Almajwal A (2019) Effect of Acacia hydaspica R. Parker extract on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status, liver function test and histopathology in doxorubicin treated rats. Lipids Health Dis 18:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-019-1051-2","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"31662_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85939-3","volume":"11","author":"A Alfaro-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alfaro-N\u00fa\u00f1ez A, Astorga D, C\u00e1ceres-Far\u00edas L, Bastidas L, Soto Villegas C, Macay K, Christensen JH (2021) Microplastic pollution in seawater and marine organisms across the Tropical Eastern Pacific and Gal\u00e1pagos. Sci Rep 11:6424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-85939-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"31662_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134664","volume":"449","author":"R An","year":"2021","unstructured":"An R, Wang X, Yang L, Zhang J, Wang N, Xu F, Hou Y, Zhang H, Zhang L (2021) Polystyrene microplastics cause granulosa cells apoptosis and fibrosis in ovary through oxidative stress in rats. Toxicology 449:152665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134664","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"31662_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152665","volume":"27","author":"A Balci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balci A, Ozkemahli G, Erkekoglu P, Zeybek ND, Yersal N, Kocer-Gumusel B (2020) Histopathologic, apoptotic and autophagic, effects of prenatal bisphenol A and\/or di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure on prepubertal rat testis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:20104\u201320116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152665","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"31662_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.09.014","volume":"66","author":"A Barbonetti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barbonetti A, Castellini C, Di Giammarco N, Santilli G, Francavilla S, Francavilla F (2016) In vitro exposure of human spermatozoa to bisphenol A induces pro-oxidative\/apoptotic mitochondrial dysfunction. Reprod Toxicol 66:61\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.09.014","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"31662_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1021\/es201811s","volume":"45","author":"MA Browne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R (2011) Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45:9175\u20139179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es201811s","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"31662_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1139\/facets-2017-0008","volume":"2","author":"SH Campbell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Campbell SH, Williamson PR, Hall BD (2017) Microplastics in the gastrointestinal tracts of fish and the water from an urban prairie creek. Facets 2:395\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/facets-2017-0008","journal-title":"Facets"},{"key":"31662_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-0997-z","volume":"180","author":"Z Cao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cao Z, Shao B, Xu F, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhu Y (2017) Protective effect of selenium on aflatoxin B1-induced testicular toxicity in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 180:233\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-017-0997-z","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"31662_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41206-4","volume":"250","author":"IN Carlberg","year":"1975","unstructured":"Carlberg IN, Mannervik BE (1975) Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. J Biol Chem 250:5475\u20135480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41206-4","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"31662_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(55)02300-8","volume":"4","author":"B Chance","year":"1955","unstructured":"Chance B, Maehly AC (1955) [136] Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Methods Enzymol 4:273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0076-6879(55)02300-8","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"31662_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod21.1.241","volume":"21","author":"HE Chemes","year":"1979","unstructured":"Chemes HE, Dym M, Raj HM (1979) The role of gonadotropins and testosterone on initiation of spermatogenesis in the immature rat. Biol Reprod 21:241\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod21.1.241","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"31662_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.103199","volume":"92","author":"TR Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen TR, Wei LH, Guan XQ, Huang C, Liu ZY, Wang FJ, Hou J, Jin Q, Liu YF, Wen PH, Zhang SJ (2019) Biflavones from Ginkgo biloba as inhibitors of human thrombin. Bioorg Chem 92:103199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.103199","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"31662_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410500463312","volume":"20","author":"SK Choi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Choi SK, Oh HM, Lee SK, Jeong DG, Ryu SE, Son KH, Han DC, Sung ND, Baek NI, Kwon BM (2006) Biflavonoids inhibited phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3). Nat Prod Res 20:341\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786410500463312","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"31662_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(94)90280-1","volume":"42","author":"JR Correa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Correa JR, Zavos PM (1994) The hypoosmotic swelling test: its employment as an assay to evaluate the functional integrity of the frozen-thawed bovine sperm membrane. Theriogenology 42:351\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0093-691X(94)90280-1","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"31662_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gat030","volume":"19","author":"S Correia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Correia S, Oliveira PF, Guerreiro PM, Lopes G, Alves MG, Canario AV, Cavaco JE, Socorro S (2013) Sperm parameters and epididymis function in transgenic rats overexpressing the Ca2+\u2212binding protein regucalcin: a hidden role for Ca2+in sperm maturation? Mol Hum Reprod 19:581\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gat030","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"31662_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-019-09481-9","volume":"36","author":"R Couture","year":"2020","unstructured":"Couture R, Mora N, Al Bittar S, Najih M, Touaibia M, Martin LJ (2020) Luteolin modulates gene expression related to steroidogenesis, apoptosis, and stress response in rat LC540 tumor Leydig cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 36:31\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10565-019-09481-9","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"31662_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10043","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810043","volume":"22","author":"S Dutta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dutta S, Sengupta P, Slama P, Roychoudhury S (2021) Oxidative stress, testicular inflammatory pathways, and male reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 22:10043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms221810043","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"31662_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820472-6.00041-4","volume":"2","author":"K Dzobo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dzobo K (2022) The role of natural products as sources of therapeutic agents for innovative drug discovery. Compr Pharmacol 2:408\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-820472-6.00041-4","journal-title":"Compr Pharmacol"},{"key":"31662_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.22074\/ijfs.2009.45769","volume":"3","author":"M EidHammadeh","year":"2009","unstructured":"EidHammadeh M, Filippos AA, Faiz Hamad M (2009) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant in seminal plasma and their impact on male fertility. Int J Fertil Steril 3:87\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22074\/ijfs.2009.45769","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"31662_CR20","first-page":"231","volume":"5","author":"J Fujii","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fujii J, Iuchi Y, Matsuki S, Ishii T (2003) Cooperative function of antioxidant and redox systems against oxidative stress in male reproductive tissues. J Androl 5:231\u2013242","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"31662_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00538","volume":"8","author":"J Gandhi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gandhi J, Khera L, Gaur N, Paul C, Kaul R (2017) Role of modulator of inflammation cyclooxygenase-2 in gammaherpesvirus mediated tumorigenesis. Front Microbiol 8:538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00538","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"31662_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.10.086","volume":"482","author":"MM Gaschler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaschler MM, Stockwell BR (2017) Lipid peroxidation in cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 482:419\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.10.086","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"31662_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.10.024","volume":"652","author":"J Gaudin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gaudin J, Huet S, Jarry G, Fessard V (2008) In vivo DNA damage induced by the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR: Comparison of intra-peritoneal and oral administrations by use of the comet assay. Mutat Res\/Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 652:65\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.10.024","journal-title":"Mutat Res\/Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen"},{"key":"31662_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557517666161104130026","volume":"17","author":"VS Gontijo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gontijo VS, Dos Santos MH, Viegas C Jr (2017) Biological and chemical aspects of natural biflavonoids from plants: a brief review. Mini Rev Med Chem 17:834\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1389557517666161104130026","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"31662_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34136","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c03453","volume":"7","author":"KE Goodman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goodman KE, Hua T, Sang QX (2022) Effects of polystyrene microplastics on human kidney and liver cell morphology, cellular proliferation, and metabolism. ACS Omega 7:34136\u201334153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.2c03453","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"31662_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(04)33005-6","volume":"233","author":"SG Haider","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haider SG (2004) Cell biology of Leydig cells in the testis. Int Rev Cytol 233:181\u2013241","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"key":"31662_CR27","first-page":"33","volume":"13","author":"I Halvaei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Halvaei I, Roodsari HR, Harat ZN (2012) Acute effects of Ruta graveolens L. on sperm parameters and DNA integrity in rats. J Reprod Infertility 13:33","journal-title":"J Reprod Infertility"},{"key":"31662_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.04.006","volume":"613","author":"I Hayashi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hayashi I, Morishita Y, Imai K, Nakamura M, Nakachi K, Hayashi T (2007) High-throughput spectrophotometric assay of reactive oxygen species in serum. Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 613:55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.04.006","journal-title":"Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen"},{"key":"31662_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124028","volume":"405","author":"B Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou B, Wang F, Liu T, Wang Z (2021) Reproductive toxicity of polystyrene microplastics: in vivo experimental study on testicular toxicity in mice. J Hazard Mater 405:124028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124028","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"31662_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2010.18","volume":"12","author":"GX Hu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hu GX, Zhao BH, Chu YH, Zhou HY, Akingbemi BT, Zheng ZQ, Ge RS (2010) Effects of genistein and equol on human and rat testicular 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 activities. Asian J Androl 12:519","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"31662_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2017.09.001","volume":"54","author":"OM Ighodaro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ighodaro OM, Akinloye OA (2018) First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid. Alexandria J Med 54:287\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajme.2017.09.001","journal-title":"Alexandria J Med"},{"key":"31662_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155932582110198","DOI":"10.1177\/15593258211019882","volume":"19","author":"MU Ijaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ijaz MU, Shahzadi S, Samad A, Ehsan N, Ahmed H, Tahir A, Rehman H, Anwar (2021a) Dose-dependent effect of polystyrene microplastics on the testicular tissues of the male Sprague Dawley rats. Dose-Response 19:15593258211019882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15593258211019882","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"31662_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120950007","volume":"40","author":"MU Ijaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ijaz MU, Tahir A, Samad A, Anwar H (2021b) Nobiletin ameliorates nonylphenol-induced testicular damage by improving biochemical, steroidogenic, hormonal, spermatogenic, apoptotic and histological profile. Hum Exp Toxicol 40:403\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327120950007","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"31662_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022015","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.2022015","volume":"37","author":"I Ilechukwu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ilechukwu I, Ehigiator BE, Ben IO, Okonkwo CJ, Olorunfemi OS, Modo UE, Ilechukwu CE, Ohagwa NJ (2022) Chronic toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics on reproductive parameters of male rats. Environ Analy Health Toxicol 37:2022015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5620\/eaht.2022015","journal-title":"Environ Analy Health Toxicol"},{"key":"31662_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201509-1801ED","volume":"193","author":"Y Janssen-Heininger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Janssen-Heininger Y, Jones JT, McMillan DH, Qian X, Lahue KG, Van Der Velden J (2016) D33 role of oxidative stress in inflammation: Gstp modulates Nf-[kappa] b activation and pro-inflammatory responses in lung epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 193:1","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"31662_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123430","volume":"401","author":"H Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin H, Ma T, Sha X, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Meng X, Chen Y, Han X, Ding J (2021) Polystyrene microplastics induced male reproductive toxicity in mice. J Hazard Mater 401:123430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123430","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"31662_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094642","volume":"22","author":"CA Juan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Juan CA, P\u00e9rez de la Lastra JM, Plou FJ, P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a E (2021) The chemistry of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revisited: outlining their role in biological macromolecules (DNA, lipids and proteins) and induced pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 22:4642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22094642","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"31662_CR38","unstructured":"Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN (1984) A modified spectrophoto-metric assay of superoxide dismutase. Indian J Biochem Biophys 21:130\u2013132. http:\/\/nopr.niscpr.res.in\/handle\/123456789\/19932"},{"key":"31662_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.048","volume":"105","author":"FM Kandemir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kandemir FM, Yildirim S, Kucukler S, Caglayan C, Mahamadu A, Dortbudak MB (2018) Therapeutic efficacy of zingerone against vancomycin-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and aquaporin 1 permeability in rat kidney. Biomed Pharmacother 105:981\u2013991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.048","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"31662_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.02.054","volume":"155","author":"AA Koelmans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koelmans AA, Nor NH, Hermsen E, Kooi M, Mintenig SM, De France J (2019) Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: critical review and assessment of data quality. Water Res 155:410\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2019.02.054","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"31662_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00300-X","volume":"513","author":"TR Kumar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kumar TR, Doreswamy K, Shrilatha B (2002) Oxidative stress associated DNA damage in testis of mice: induction of abnormal sperms and effects on fertility. Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 513:103\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00300-X","journal-title":"Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen"},{"key":"31662_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.01.021","volume":"1813","author":"T Landes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Landes T, Martinou JC (2011) Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization during apoptosis: the role of mitochondrial fission. Biochim Biophys Acta - Mol Cell Res 1813:540\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.01.021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta - Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"31662_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2831","volume":"86","author":"PJ Landrigan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Landrigan PJ, Stegeman JJ, Fleming LE, Allemand D, Anderson DM, Backer LC, Brucker-Davis F, Chevalier N, Corra L, Czerucka D, Bottein MY (2020) Human health and ocean pollution. Ann Glob Health 86:1\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/aogh.2831","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"31662_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6052","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619818114","volume":"114","author":"JL Lavers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lavers JL, Bond AL (2017) Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world\u2019s most remote and pristine islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114:6052\u20136055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1619818114","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"31662_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03441.x","volume":"19","author":"KM Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee KM, Kang BS, Lee HL, Son SJ, Hwang SH, Kim DS, Park JS, Cho HJ (2004) Spinal NF-kB activation induces COX-2 upregulation and contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Eur J Neurosci 19:3375\u20133381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03441.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"31662_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2018.1553608","volume":"83","author":"Q Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Q, Ye T, Long T, Peng X (2019) Ginkgetin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion-induced injury in a rat model via the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 83:675\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09168451.2018.1553608","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"31662_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105974","volume":"214","author":"L Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li L, Wu Y, Zhao C, Miao Y, Cai J, Song L, Wei J, Chakraborty T, Wu L, Wang D, Zhou L (2021b) The role of StAR2 gene in testicular differentiation and spermatogenesis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 214:105974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105974","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"31662_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13911-9","volume":"28","author":"S Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li S, Wang Q, Yu H, Yang L, Sun Y, Xu N, Wang N, Lei Z, Hou J, Jin Y, Zhang H (2021a) Polystyrene microplastics induce blood\u2013testis barrier disruption regulated by the MAPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway in rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:47921\u201347931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-13911-9","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"31662_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.1046","volume":"29","author":"H Lim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lim H, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS, Kim HP (2006) Effects of anti-inflammatory biflavonoid, ginkgetin, on chronic skin inflammation. Biol Pharm Bull 29:1046\u20131049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1248\/bpb.29.1046","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"31662_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43180","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043180","volume":"8","author":"NS Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu NS, Du X, Lu J, He BP (2012) Diva reduces cell death in response to oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. PLoS one 8:43180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0043180","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"key":"31662_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139311","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139311","volume":"10","author":"HC Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu HC, Zhu D, Wang C, Guan H, Li S, Hu C, Chen Z, Hu Y, Lin H, Lian QQ, Ge RS (2015) Effects of etomidate on the steroidogenesis of rat immature Leydig cells. PLoS One 10:e0139311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0139311","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"31662_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.085","volume":"118","author":"PK Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu PK, Weng ZM, Ge GB, Li HL, Ding LL, Dai ZR, Hou XD, Leng YH, Yu Y, Hou J (2018) Biflavones from Ginkgo biloba as novel pancreatic lipase inhibitors: Inhibition potentials and mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 118:2216\u20132223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.085","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"31662_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2013DDCT method. Methods 25:402\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"31662_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93131","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21862","volume":"8","author":"JS Lou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lou JS, Bi WC, Chan GK, Jin Y, Wong CW, Zhou ZY, Wang HY, Yao P, Dong TT, Tsim KW (2017) Ginkgetin induces autophagic cell death through p62\/SQSTM1-mediated autolysosome formation and redox setting in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 8:93131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.21862","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"31662_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-006-0341-y","volume":"328","author":"JJ Lysiak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lysiak JJ, Zheng S, Woodson R, Turner TT (2007) Caspase-9-dependent pathway to murine germ cell apoptosis: mediation by oxidative stress, BAX, and caspase 2. Cell Tissue Res 328:411\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-006-0341-y","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"31662_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mason SA, Welch VG, Neratko J (2018) Synthetic polymer contamination in bottled water. Front Chem 407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2018.00407","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00407"},{"key":"31662_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.12.035","volume":"103","author":"DD Miranda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miranda DD, de Carvalho-Souza GF (2016) Are we eating plastic-ingesting fish? Mar Pollut Bull 103:109\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.12.035","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"31662_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-021-02071-z","volume":"157","author":"H Miyaso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miyaso H, Ogawa Y, Itoh M (2022) Microenvironment for spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. Histochem Cell Biol 157:273\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00418-021-02071-z","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"31662_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134664","volume":"703","author":"ET Mohammed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohammed ET, Hashem KS, Ahmed AE, Aly MT, Aleya L, Abdel-Daim MM (2020) Ginger extract ameliorates bisphenol A (BPA)-induced disruption in thyroid hormones synthesis and metabolism: involvement of Nrf-2\/HO-1 pathway. Sci Total Environ 703:134664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134664","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"31662_CR60","first-page":"111","volume":"7","author":"H Moumeni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moumeni H, Soleymani MM, Abnousi M, Mahmoudi M (2009) Effects of vitamin E on sperm parameters and reproductive hormonesin developing rats treated with para-nonylphenol. Int J Reprod BioMed 7:111\u2013116","journal-title":"Int J Reprod BioMed"},{"key":"31662_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-020-00161-8","volume":"7","author":"RE Mutha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mutha RE, Tatiya AU, Surana SJ (2021) Flavonoids as natural phenolic compounds and their role in therapeutics: an overview. Future J Pharm Sci 7:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43094-020-00161-8","journal-title":"Future J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"31662_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.26402\/jpp.2018.3.05","volume":"69","author":"K Nowicka-Bauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nowicka-Bauer K, Lepczynski A, Ozgo M, Kamieniczna M, Fraczek M, Stanski L, Olszewska M, Malcher A, Skrzypczak W, Kurpisz MK (2018) Sperm mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as possible reasons for isolated asthenozoospermia. J Physiol Pharmacol 69:403\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26402\/jpp.2018.3.05","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"31662_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9090224","volume":"9","author":"C Pironti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Motta O, Miele Y, Proto A, Montano L (2021) Microplastics in the environment: intake through the food web, human exposure and toxicological effects. Toxics 9:224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics9090224","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"31662_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-221078","volume":"144","author":"S Ramaswamy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ramaswamy S, Marshall GR, Pohl CR, Friedman RL, Plant TM (2003) Inhibitory and stimulatory regulation of testicular inhibin B secretion by luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, respectively, in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Endocrinology 144:1175\u20131185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2002-221078","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"31662_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4073.588","volume":"179","author":"JT Rotruck","year":"1973","unstructured":"Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE, Swanson AB, Hafeman DG, Hoekstra W (1973) Selenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science 179:588\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.179.4073.588","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"31662_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2019.11.008","volume":"32","author":"A Samad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Samad A, Ijaz MU, Ashraf A, Sajid M, Imran M, Abbas K, Zafar S, Al-Ghanim KA, Al-Misned F, Al-Mulahim N, Mahboob S (2020) Methanolic extract of Nepeta paulsenii as an ameliorative agent against CCl4 induced testicular damage in male albino rats. J King Saud Univ-Sci 32:1168\u20131174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksus.2019.11.008","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ-Sci"},{"key":"31662_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl051","volume":"94","author":"JT Sanderson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sanderson JT (2006) The steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway as a target for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Toxicology Sci 94:3\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl051","journal-title":"Toxicology Sci"},{"key":"31662_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-014-1448-7","volume":"89","author":"WA Siddiqui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Siddiqui WA, Ahad A, Ahsan H (2015) The mystery of BCL2 family: Bcl-2 proteins and apoptosis: an update. Arch Toxicol 89:289\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-014-1448-7","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"31662_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164531","volume":"892","author":"SA Siddiqui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siddiqui SA, Singh S, Bahmid NA, Shyu DJ, Dom\u00ednguez R, Lorenzo JM, Pereira JA, C\u00e2mara JS (2023) Polystyrene microplastic particles in the food chain: characteristics and toxicity. A review. Sci Total Environ 892:164531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164531","journal-title":"A review. Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"31662_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0703-7","volume":"13","author":"LJ Simmons","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simmons LJ, Surles-Zeigler MC, Li Y, Ford GD, Newman GD, Ford BD (2016) Regulation of inflammatory responses by neuregulin-1 in brain ischemia and microglial cells in vitro involves the NF-kappa B pathway. J Neuroinflammation 13:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-016-0703-7","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"31662_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.07.010","volume":"6","author":"OT Somade","year":"2019","unstructured":"Somade OT, Ajayi BO, Safiriyu OA, Oyabunmi OS, Akamo AJ (2019) Renal and testicular up-regulation of pro-inflammatory chemokines (RANTES and CCL2) and cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6) following acute edible camphor administration is through activation of NF-kB in rats. Toxicol Rep 6:759\u2013767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.07.010","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"31662_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2952","volume":"11","author":"SW Tait","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tait SW, Green DR (2010) Mitochondria and cell death: outer membrane permeabilization and beyond. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11:621\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm2952","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"31662_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.05.028","volume":"39","author":"S Teixeira","year":"2005","unstructured":"Teixeira S, Siquet C, Alves C, Boal I, Marques MP, Borges F, Lima JL, Reis S (2005) Structure\u2013property studies on the antioxidant activity of flavonoids present in diet. Free Radical Biol Med 39:1099\u20131108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.05.028","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"31662_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18487","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29169","volume":"120","author":"Z Tian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tian Z, Tang C, Wang Z (2019) Neuroprotective effect of ginkgetin in experimental cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion via apoptosis inhibition and PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway activation. J Cell Biochem 120:18487\u201318495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.29169","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"31662_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.6.1429","volume":"13","author":"J Twigg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Twigg J, Fulton N, Gomez E, Irvine DS, Aitken RJ (1998) Analysis of the impact of intracellular reactive oxygen species generation on the structural and functional integrity of human spermatozoa: lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and effectiveness of antioxidants. Hum Reprod 13:1429\u20131436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/13.6.1429","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"31662_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-019-0797-5","volume":"24","author":"A Ullah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ullah A, Pirzada M, Afsar T, Razak S, Almajwal A, Jahan S (2019) Effect of bisphenol F, an analog of bisphenol A, on the reproductive functions of male rats. Environ Health Prev Med 24:1\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12199-019-0797-5","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"31662_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9449","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189449","volume":"18","author":"S Usman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Usman S, Abdull Razis AF, Shaari K, Amal MN, Saad MZ, Mat Isa N, Nazarudin MF (2021) Polystyrene microplastics exposure: an insight into multiple organ histological alterations, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Javanese medaka fish (Oryzias javanicus Bleeker, 1854). Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:9449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18189449","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"31662_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00747-4","volume":"8","author":"TR Walker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walker TR, McGuinty E, Charlebois S, Music J (2021) Single-use plastic packaging in the Canadian food industry: consumer behavior and perceptions. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 8(1):1\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-021-00747-4","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"31662_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.112904","volume":"162","author":"S Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang S, Han Q, Wei Z, Wang Y, Xie J, Chen M (2022) Polystyrene microplastics affect learning and memory in mice by inducing oxidative stress and decreasing the level of acetylcholine. Food Chem Toxicol 162:112904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2022.112904","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"31662_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.153059","volume":"465","author":"Z Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei Z, Wang Y, Wang S, Xie J, Han Q, Chen M (2022) Comparing the effects of polystyrene microplastics exposure on reproduction and fertility in male and female mice. Toxicology 465:153059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2021.153059","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"31662_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110133","volume":"190","author":"X Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie X, Deng T, Duan J, Xie J, Yuan J, Chen M (2020) Exposure to polystyrene microplastics causes\u2019 reproductive toxicity through oxidative stress and activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 190:110133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110133","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"31662_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2004.11.014","volume":"66","author":"LF Yamaguchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yamaguchi LF, Vass\u00e3o DG, Kato MJ, Di Mascio P (2005) Biflavonoids from Brazilian pine Araucaria angustifolia as potentials protective agents against DNA damage and lipoperoxidation. Phytochemistry 66:2238\u20132247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phytochem.2004.11.014","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"31662_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:93:1-3:141","volume":"93","author":"K Yokoi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yokoi K, Uthus EO, Nielsen FH (2003) Nickel deficiency diminishes sperm quantity and movement in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 93:141\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/BTER:93:1-3:141","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"31662_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85939-3","volume":"2","author":"E Yousif","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yousif E, Haddad R (2013) Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene. Springerplus 2:1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-85939-3","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"31662_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2000.tb03284.x","volume":"21","author":"MJ Zinaman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zinaman MJ, Brown CC, Selevan SG, Clegg ED (2000) Semen quality and human fertility: a prospective study with healthy couples. J Androl 21:145\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2000.tb03284.x","journal-title":"J Androl"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-023-31662-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-023-31662-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-023-31662-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T15:33:05Z","timestamp":1706542385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-023-31662-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["31662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-31662-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Biosafety\/Bioethics Committee (IBC) of the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, in compliance with this (CEE Council 86\/609) protocol.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}