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It is becoming increasingly important to constitute new energy sources from waste biomass through the liquefaction process. In this study, walnut shells (WS) were liquefied catalytically and non-catalytically under different parameters using the liquefaction method. In this process, the effect of silica fume\/nano zero-valent iron (SF\/NZVI) catalysts on the conversion rates was investigated. The catalyst was synthesized by reducing NZVI using a liquid phase chemical reduction method on SF. The SF\/NZVI catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive X-ray (SEM\u2013EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The effect of various process parameters on the liquefaction process was investigated. In this context, the reaction temperature ranged from 300 to 400\u00a0\u00b0C, the solid\/solvent ratio ranged from 1\/1 to 1\/3, the reaction time ranged from 30 to 90\u00a0min, and the catalyst concentration ranged from 1 to 6%. According to the results obtained, the most suitable operating conditions for non-catalytic experiments in liquefaction of WS were found to be temperature of 400\u00a0\u00b0C, reaction time of 60\u00a0min, and solid\/solvent of 1\/3. In catalytic conditions, the optimum values were obtained as temperature of 375\u00a0\u00b0C, reaction time of 60\u00a0min, solid\/solvent ratio of 1\/3, and catalyst concentration of 6%. The highest total conversion and (oil\u2009+\u2009gas) % conversion were 90.4% and 46.7% under non-catalytic conditions and 90.7% and 62.3% under catalytic conditions, respectively. Gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry (GC\/MS) analysis revealed the bio-oil was mainly composed of aromatic compounds (benzene, butyl-, indane and their derivatives,) and polyaromatic compounds (naphthalene, decahydro-, cis-, naphthalene, 1-methyl-.). The aim of increasing the quantity and quality of the light liquid product in the study has been achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32981-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T03:44:30Z","timestamp":1711338270000},"page":"27913-27934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Synthesis of an innovative SF\/NZVI catalyst and investigation of its effectiveness on bio-oil production in liquefaction process alongside other parameters"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"K\u00fcbra","family":"Ers\u00f6z","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1503-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahar","family":"Bayrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Figen","family":"G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00fcseyin","family":"Karaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"32981_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2022.100734","volume":"16","author":"S Acharya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Acharya S, Gupta DS, Kishore N (2022) In-situ catalytic hydro-liquefaction of Delonix regia lignocellulosic biomass waste in hydrogen-donor solvent. 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