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The algal cultures were grown for 13 days under heavy metal stress after which were subjected to estimation of growth, some primary metabolites, lipid, and fatty acid profiles. The maximum lipid accumulation (283.30 mg\/g CDW) was recorded in the algal culture treated with 3\u00a0\u00b5M cobalt nitrate. Application of 2 mM manganese chloride; 1, 2, and 3 \u03bcM cobalt nitrate; and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mM zinc sulfate caused highly significant increases in the lipid contents amounting to 183.8, 191.4, 230.6, 283.3, 176.3, 226.0, and 212.1 mg\/g CDW, respectively, in comparison to control (153.4 mg\/g CDW). The maximum proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (64.44%) was noted in the culture treated with 6 mM MnCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> due to the existence of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and pentadecylic acid (C15:0) which are represented by 53.59%, 5.96%, and 1.37%, respectively, of the total FAs. Relative increase in energy compound (REEC) showed that 1, 2, and 3 \u00b5M Co<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> lead to the highest stimulation in lipid and carbohydrate contents to 0.207, 0.352, and 0.329\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>%, respectively. Empirical formulas were used for the assessment of biodiesel fuel properties based on FAME composition. The estimated properties met the prescribed international standard criteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33538-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T15:02:01Z","timestamp":1715698921000},"page":"35952-35968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Enhancing the biodiesel production in the green alga Chlorella vulgaris by heavy metal stress and prediction of fuel properties from fatty acid profiles"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3466-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hani","family":"Saber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamdy Ramadan","family":"Galal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abo-Eldahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Alwaleed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"33538_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-012-9917-y","volume":"25","author":"A Abomohra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abomohra A, Wagner M, ElSheekh M, Hanelt D (2013) Lipid and total fatty acid productivity in photoautotrophic fresh water microalgae: screening studies towards biodiesel production. 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