{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:21:43Z","timestamp":1792783303921,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007514","name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Virgin and environmentally aged polypropylene (PP) micropowders (V-PP and E-PP, respectively) were used as reference microplastics (MPs) in comparative photo- and thermo-oxidative ageing experiments performed on their mixtures with a natural ferrous sand (NS) and with a metal-free silica sand (QS). The ferrous NS was found to catalyze the photo-oxidative degradation of V-PP after both UV and simulated solar light irradiation. The catalytic activity in\u00a0the V-PP\/NS\u00a0mixture was highlighted by the comparatively higher fraction of photo-oxidized PP extracted in dichloromethane, and the higher carbonyl index of the bulk polymer extracted with boiling xylene, when compared with the\u00a0V-PP\/QS\u00a0mixture. Similarly, NS showed a catalytic effect on the thermal degradation (at\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200960\u00a0\u00b0C) of E-PP. The results obtained indicate that, under suitable environmental conditions (in this case, an iron-containing sediment or soil matrix, combined with simulated solar irradiation), the degradation of some types of MPs could be much faster than anticipated. Given the widespread presence of iron minerals (including the magnetite and iron-rich serpentine found in NS) in both coastal and mainland soils and sediments, a higher than expected resilience of the environment to the contamination by this class of pollutants is anticipated, and possible routes to remediation of polluted natural environments by eco-compatible iron-based minerals are envisaged.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34120-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T05:01:41Z","timestamp":1719982901000},"page":"45162-45176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Natural iron-containing minerals catalyze the degradation of polypropylene microplastics: a route to self-remediation learnt from the environment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Corti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Mugnaioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Manariti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Paoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Francesco Maria","family":"Tersigni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Ceccarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3302-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valter","family":"Castelvetro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"34120_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-0655(85)80020-0","volume":"13","author":"NS Allen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Allen NS, Chirinos-Padron A, Henman TJ (1985) Photoinitiated oxidation of polypropylene: a review. Progr Org Coat 13:97\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0033-0655(85)80020-0","journal-title":"Progr Org Coat"},{"key":"34120_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002","volume":"36","author":"A Ammala","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ammala A, Bateman S, Dean K, Petinakis E, Sangwan P, Wong S, Yuana Q, Yu L, Patrick C, Leong KH (2011) An overview of degradable and biodegradable polyolefins. Prog Polym Sci 36:1015\u20131049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002","journal-title":"Prog Polym Sci"},{"key":"34120_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.113307","volume":"174","author":"U Andriolo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andriolo U, Gon\u00e7alves G (2022) Is coastal erosion a source of marine litter pollution? Evidence of coastal dunes being a reservoir of plastics. Mar Poll Bull 174:113307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.113307","journal-title":"Mar Poll Bull"},{"key":"34120_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11880","DOI":"10.1021\/jp035427h","volume":"107","author":"M Bertoldo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bertoldo M, Bronco S, Cappelli C, Gragnoli T, Andreotti L (2003) Combining theory and experiment to study the photooxidation of polyethylene and polypropylene. J Phys Chem B 107:11880\u201311888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp035427h","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B"},{"key":"34120_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118521","volume":"219","author":"G Biale","year":"2022","unstructured":"Biale G, La Nasa J, Mattonai M, Corti A, Castelvetro V, Modugno F (2022) Seeping plastics: potentially harmful molecular fragments released in seawater by degraded microplastics. Water Res 219:118521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118521","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"34120_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1021\/ma60012a007","volume":"2","author":"DJ Carlsson","year":"1969","unstructured":"Carlsson DJ, Wiles DM (1969) The Photodegradation of polypropylene films. III. Photolysis of polypropylene hydroperoxides. Macromolecules 2:597\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ma60012a007","journal-title":"III. Photolysis of polypropylene hydroperoxides. Macromolecules"},{"key":"34120_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.21577\/0103-5053.20190215","volume":"31","author":"OR Carmignano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carmignano OR, Vieira SS, Brand\u00e3o PRG, Bertoli AC, Lago RM (2020) Serpentinites: mineral structure, properties and technological applications. J Braz Chem Soc 31:2\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21577\/0103-5053.20190215","journal-title":"J Braz Chem Soc"},{"key":"34120_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46764","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12466-z","volume":"28","author":"V Castelvetro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castelvetro V, Corti A, Biale G, Ceccarini A, Degano I, La Nasa J, Lomonaco T, Manariti A, Manco E, Modugno F, Vinciguerra V (2021a) New methodologies for the detection, identification, and quantification of microplastics and their environmental degradation by-products. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:46764\u201346780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12466-z","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"34120_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13050796","volume":"13","author":"V Castelvetro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castelvetro V, Corti A, La Nasa J, Modugno F, Ceccarini A, Giannarelli S, Vinciguerra V, Bertoldo M (2021b) Polymer identification and specific analysis (PISA) of microplastic total mass in sediments of the protected marine area of the Meloria Shoals. Polymers 13:796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13050796","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"34120_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5634","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01487","volume":"52","author":"A Ceccarini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ceccarini A, Corti A, Erba F, Modugno F, La Nasa J, Bianchi S, Castelvetro V (2018) The hidden microplastics new insights and figures from the thorough separation and characterization of microplastics and of their degradation by-products in coastal sediments. Environ Sci Technol 52:5634\u20135643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.8b01487","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"34120_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.07.022","volume":"91","author":"M Celina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Celina M, Clough RL, Jones GD (2006) Initiation of polymer degradation via transfer of infectious species. Polym Degrad Stab 91:1036\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.07.022","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"34120_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b06635","volume":"8","author":"A Chamas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chamas A, Moon H, Zheng J, Qiu Y, Tabassum T, Jang J-H, Abu-Omar M, Scott SL, Suh S (2020) Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sust Chem Eng 8:3494\u20133511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b06635","journal-title":"ACS Sust Chem Eng"},{"key":"34120_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131090","volume":"450","author":"HS Charlton-Howard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Charlton-Howard HS, Bond AL, Rivers-Auty J, Lavers JL (2023) \u2018Plasticosis\u2019: characterising macro- and microplastic-associated fibrosis in seabird tissues. J Hazard Mater 450:131090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131090","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"34120_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.03.032","volume":"142","author":"M Constant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Constant M, Kerherv\u00e9 P, Mino-Vercellio-Verolleta M, Dumontier M, S\u00e0nchez Vidal A, Canals M, Heussner S (2019) Beached microplastics in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Mar Poll Bull 142:263\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.03.032","journal-title":"Mar Poll Bull"},{"key":"34120_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04664-0","volume":"415","author":"A Corti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corti A, La Nasa J, Biale G, Ceccarini A, Manariti A, Petri F, Modugno F, Castelvetro V (2023) Microplastic pollution in the sediments of interconnected lakebed, sea bed, and sea shore aquatic environments: polymer-specific total mass through the multianalytical \u201cPISA\u201d procedure. Anal Bioanal Chem 415:2921\u20132936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-023-04664-0","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"34120_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.0c00205","volume":"1","author":"JP Dees","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dees JP, Ateia M, Sanchez DL (2021) Microplastics and their degradation products in surface waters: a missing piece of the global carbon cycle puzzle. ACS EST Water 1:214\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsestwater.0c00205","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"34120_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17785","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c07824","volume":"56","author":"L Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding L, Guo X, Du S, Cui F, Zhang Y, Liu P, Ouyang Z, Jia H, Zhu L (2022) Insight into the photodegradation of microplastics boosted by Iron (Hydr)oxides. Environ Sci Technol 56:17785\u201317794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.2c07824","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"34120_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.02.067","volume":"369","author":"G Erni-Cassola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erni-Cassola G, Zadjelovic V, Gibson MI, Christie-Oleza JA (2019) Distribution of plastic polymer types in the marine environment; a meta-analysis. J Hazard Mater 369:691\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.02.067","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"34120_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17201-9","volume":"11","author":"N Evangeliou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Evangeliou N, Grythe H, Klimont Z, Heyes C, Eckhardt S, Lopez-Aparicio S, Stohl A (2020) Atmospheric transport is a major pathway of microplastics to remote regions. Nat Commun 11:3381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-17201-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"34120_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.9.2.99","volume":"9","author":"BW Evans","year":"2013","unstructured":"Evans BW, Hattori K, Baronnet A (2013) Serpentinite: what, why, where? Elements 9:99\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2113\/gselements.9.2.99","journal-title":"Elements"},{"key":"34120_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2007.01.032","volume":"92","author":"SS Fernando","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fernando SS, Christensen PA, Egerton TA, White JR (2007) Carbon dioxide evolution and carbonyl group development during photodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 92:2163\u20132172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2007.01.032","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"34120_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2014.08.015","volume":"296","author":"A Fran\u00e7ois-Heude","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois-Heude A, Richaud E, Desnoux E, Colin X (2015) A general kinetic model for the photothermal oxidation of polypropylene. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 296:48\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2014.08.015","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem"},{"key":"34120_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b00394","volume":"5","author":"M Gemmi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gemmi M, Mugnaioli E, Gorelik TE, Kolb U, Palatinus L, Boullay P, Hovm\u00f6ller S, Abrahams JP (2019) 3D Electron Diffraction: the nanocrystallography revolution. ACS Cent Sci 5:1315\u20131329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acscentsci.9b00394","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"key":"34120_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738876","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.738876","volume":"8","author":"A Gkanasos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gkanasos A, Tsiaras K, Triantaphyllidis G, Panagopoulos A, Pantazakos G, Owens T, Karametsis C, Pollani A, Nikoli E, Katsafados N, Triantafyllou G (2021) Stopping macroplastic and microplastic pollution at source by installing novel technologies in river estuaries and waste water treatment plants: the CLAIM project. Front Mar Sci 8:738876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2021.738876","journal-title":"Front Mar Sci"},{"key":"34120_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109364","volume":"181","author":"G Grause","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grause G, Chien M-F, Inoue C (2020) Changes during the weathering of polyolefins. Polym Degrad Stab 181:109364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109364","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"34120_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111398","volume":"158","author":"PT Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris PT (2020) The fate of microplastic in marine sedimentary environments: a review. Mar Poll Bull 158:111398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111398","journal-title":"Mar Poll Bull"},{"key":"34120_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01268a025","volume":"33","author":"RR Hiatt","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hiatt RR, Irwin KC, Gould CW (1968) Homolytic decompositions of hydroperoxides IV Metal-catalyzed decompositions. J Org Chem 33:1430\u20131435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jo01268a025","journal-title":"J Org Chem"},{"key":"34120_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00839a048","volume":"97","author":"RR Hiatt","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hiatt RR, Glover LC, Mosher HS (1975) Concerted mechanism and phase effects in decompositions of alkyl peroxy esters. J Amer Chem Soc 97:1556\u20131562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ja00839a048","journal-title":"J Amer Chem Soc"},{"key":"34120_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124187","volume":"405","author":"W Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang W, Song B, Liang J, Niu Q, Zeng G, Shen M, Deng J, Luo Y, Wen X, Zhang Y (2021) Microplastics and associated contaminants in the aquatic environment: a review on their ecotoxicological effects, trophic transfer, and potential impacts to human health. J Hazard Mater 405:124187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124187","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"34120_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11886","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00178","volume":"121","author":"NP Ivleva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ivleva NP (2021) Chemical analysis of microplastics and nanoplastics: challenges, advanced methods, and perspectives. Chem Rev 121:11886\u201311936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00178","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"34120_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102347","volume":"15","author":"S Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang S, Yin M, Ren H, Qin Y, Wang W, Wang Q, Li X (2023) Novel CuMgAlTi-LDH photocatalyst for efficient degradation of microplastics under visible light irradiation. Polymers 15:347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15102347","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"34120_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102347","volume":"145","author":"D Kasznik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kasznik D, \u0141apniewska Z (2023) The end of plastic? The EU\u2019s directive on single-use plastics and its implementation in Poland. Environ Sci Policy 145:151\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15102347","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"key":"34120_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/crat.201100036","volume":"46","author":"U Kolb","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kolb U, Mugnaioli E, Gorelik TE (2011) Automated electron diffraction tomography \u2013 a new tool for nano crystal structure analysis. Cryst Res Technol 46:542\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crat.201100036","journal-title":"Cryst Res Technol"},{"key":"34120_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198355101603","volume":"55","author":"J Lamaire","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lamaire J, Arnaud R, Gardette J-L (1983) The role of hydroperoxides in photooxidation of polyolefins, polyamides and polyurethane elastomers. Pure Appl Chem 55:1603\u20131614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1351\/pac198355101603","journal-title":"Pure Appl Chem"},{"key":"34120_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151312","volume":"806","author":"L Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu L, Xu M, Ye Y, Zhang B (2022) On the degradation of (micro)plastics: degradation methods, influencing factors, environmental impacts. Sci Total Environ 806:151312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151312","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"34120_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122596","volume":"394","author":"T Lomonaco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lomonaco T, Manco E, Corti A, La Nasa J, Ghimenti S, Biagini D, di Francesco F, Modugno F, Ceccarini A, Fuoco R, Castelvetro V (2020) Release of harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from photo-degraded plastic debris: a neglected source of environmental pollution. J Hazard Mater 394:122596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122596","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"34120_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/macromol3030029","volume":"3","author":"EA Mamin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mamin EA, Pantyukhov PV, Olkhov AA (2023) Oxo-additives for polyolefin degradation: kinetics and mechanism. Macromol 3:477\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/macromol3030029","journal-title":"Macromol"},{"key":"34120_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14538-z","volume":"11","author":"K Min","year":"2020","unstructured":"Min K, Cuiffi JD, Mathers RT (2020) Ranking environmental degradation trends of plastic marine debris based on physical properties and molecular structure. Nature Commun 11:727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-14538-z","journal-title":"Nature Commun"},{"key":"34120_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.06.019","volume":"120","author":"LS Montagna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montagna LS, Catto AL, Camargo Forte MMD, Chiellini E, Corti A, Morelli A, Campomanes SRM (2015) Comparative assessment of degradation in aqueous medium of polypropylene films doped with transition metal free (experimental) and transition metal containing (commercial) pro-oxidant\/pro-degradant additives after exposure to controlled UV radiation. Polym Degrad Stab 120:186\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.06.019","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"34120_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.004","volume":"96","author":"T Ojeda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ojeda T, Freitas A, Birck K, Dalmolin E, Jacques R, Bento F, Camargo F (2011) Degradability of linear polyolefins under natural weathering. Polym Degrad Stab 96:703\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.004","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"34120_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109648","volume":"190","author":"VH Pino-Ramos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pino-Ramos VH, Bucio E, D\u00edaz D (2021) Fast photocatalytic polypropylene degradation by nanostructured bismuth catalysts. Polym Degrad Stab 190:109648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109648","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"34120_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131401","volume":"453","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Zhang T, Zhang P (2023) Fate and environmental behaviors of microplastics through the lens of free radical. J Hazard Mater 453:131401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131401","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"34120_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.760150107","volume":"15","author":"JF Rabek","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rabek JF, Ranby B (1975) Role of singlet oxygen in photo-oxidative degradation and photostabilization of polymers. Polym Eng Sci 15:40\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pen.760150107","journal-title":"Polym Eng Sci"},{"key":"34120_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.12.011","volume":"128","author":"C Rouillon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rouillon C, Bussiere P-O, Desnoux E, Collin S, Vial C, Therias S, Gardette J-L (2016) Is carbonyl index a quantitative probe to monitor polypropylene photodegradation? Polym Degrad Stab 128:200\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.12.011","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"34120_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.024","volume":"91","author":"M Salvalaggio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salvalaggio M, Bagatin R, Fornaroli M, Fanutti S, Palmery S, Battistel E (2006) Multi-component analysis of low-density polyethylene oxidative degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 91:2775\u20132785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.024","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"34120_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109549","volume":"187","author":"R Scaffaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scaffaro R, Maio A, Gammino M, La Mantia FP (2021) Effect of an organoclay on the photochemical transformations of a PBAT\/PLA blend and morpho-chemical features of crosslinked networks. Polym Degrad Stab 187:109549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109549","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"34120_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129918","volume":"421","author":"M Shen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shen M, Hu T, Huang W, Song B, Zeng G, Zhang Y (2021) Removal of microplastics from wastewater with aluminosilicate filter media and their surfactant-modified products: Performance, mechanism and utilization. Chem Eng J 421:129918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129918","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"34120_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00250","volume":"51","author":"LM Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith LM, Aitken LM, Coote ML (2018) The fate of the peroxyl radical in autoxidation: how does polymer degradation really occur? Acc Chem Res 51:2006\u20132013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00250","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"key":"34120_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154438","volume":"827","author":"C Sorasan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sorasan C, Edo C, Gonz\u00e1lez-Pleiter M, Fern\u00e1ndez-Pi\u00f1as F, Legan\u00e9s F, Rodr\u00edguez A, Rosal R (2022) Ageing and fragmentation of marine microplastics. Sci Total Environ 827:154438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154438","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"34120_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124299","volume":"406","author":"A Uheida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uheida A, Mej\u00eda HG, Abdel-Rehim M, Hamd W, Dutta J (2021) Visible light photocatalytic degradation of polypropylene microplastics in a continuous water flow system. J Hazard Mater 406:124299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124299","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"34120_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab6d7d","volume":"15","author":"E van Sebille","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Sebille E et al (2020) The physical oceanography of the transport of floating marine debris. Environ Res Lett 15:023003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab6d7d","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"34120_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15061429","volume":"15","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Z, Chen H, Zhang Y, Wang Q (2023) Study on the mechanism of molecular weight reduction of polyethylene based on Fe-montmorillonite and its potential application. Polymers 15:1429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15061429","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"34120_CR53","volume-title":"Dietary and inhalation exposure to nano- and microplastic particles and potential implications for human health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022) Dietary and inhalation exposure to nano- and microplastic particles and potential implications for human health. WHO, Geneva. Free to download report available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240054608"},{"key":"34120_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(91)90048-V","volume":"32","author":"A Zahradni\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zahradni\u010dkov\u00e1 A, Sedl\u00e1\u0159 J, Dastych D (1991) Peroxy acids in photo-oxidized polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 32:155\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0141-3910(91)90048-V","journal-title":"Polym Degrad Stab"},{"key":"34120_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8177","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01474","volume":"53","author":"K Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu K, Jia H, Zhao S, Xia T, Guo X, Wang T, Zhu L (2019) Formation of environmentally persistent free radicals on microplastics under light irradiation. Environ Sci Technol 53:8177\u20138186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.9b01474","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-024-34120-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-024-34120-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-024-34120-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T00:09:21Z","timestamp":1729901361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-024-34120-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["34120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-024-34120-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is an observational study. The University of Pisa Research Ethics Committee has confirmed that no ethics approval is required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"This is a study that did not involve any human subjects, therefore no informed consent to participate was required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that no human research participant was involved in the research, and therefore, no informed consent for publication of images or any other personal data is required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}