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In the present study, silicone sheets and styrene-divinyl benzene-reversed phase sulfonated extraction disks with and without a polyethersulfone membrane were exposed under semi-field conditions in a 31 m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> flume at three different flow velocities. Natural processes and spiking\/dilution measures caused aqueous concentrations to vary strongly with time. The data were analyzed using two analytical models that account for these time-variable concentrations: a sampling rate model and a diffusion model. The diffusion model generally gave a better fit of the data than the sampling rate model, but the difference in residual errors was quite small (median errors of 19 vs. 25% for silicone and 22 vs. 25% for SDB-RPS samplers). The sampling rate model was therefore adequate enough to evaluate the time-integrative capabilities of the samplers. Sampler performance was best for SDB-RPS samplers with a polyethersulfone membrane, despite the occurrence of lag times for some compounds (0.1 to 0.4 days). Sampling rates for this design also spanned a narrower range (80 to 110\u00a0mL\/day) than SDB-RPS samplers without a membrane (100 to 660\u00a0mL\/day). The effect of biofouling was similar for all compounds and was consistent with a biofouling layer thickness of 150\u00a0\u00b5m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34460-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T03:10:48Z","timestamp":1723432248000},"page":"51844-51857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Modelling passive sampling of hydrophilic compounds under time-variable aqueous concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9383-819X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kochleus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Spira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Bachtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Meinecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christel","family":"M\u00f6hlenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kees","family":"Booij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"34460_CR1","unstructured":"Becker B, Claus E, M\u00f6hlenkamp C, Bachtin J, Paschke A, Sch\u00e4fer S (2020) Anwendung von Passivsammlern in \u00dcberwachungsprogrammen gem\u00e4\u00df WRRL und MSRL - Identifizierung von Kontaminationsschwerpunkten, Referenzstandorten und neuen Schadstoffen (AnPassa). 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