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The proposed FA-SPE approach enables the integration of various extraction stages and elimination of the sample evaporation step and offers individual customisation of SPE parameters, inter alia sample, and eluate flow rate and volume. Using the developed FA-SPE procedure, e.g. a 100-fold preconcentration of the target analytes in 1\u00a0h was achieved. A\u00a0method for chromatographic analysis was also developed to determine the selected antiviral drugs in combination with the use of the FA-SPE system. The developed FA-SPE UHPLC-MS\/MS method was validated including the determination of linearity of analytical graphs, limits of detection (5.5\u201399.9\u00a0pg\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and quantification (18.3\u2013329.8\u00a0pg\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), intra-day (1.8\u20138.3%) and inter-day (3.0\u20139.2%) precision, recovery (95.6\u2013105.3%), and matrix effects (\u2212\u200912.9 to 13.2%). The proposed method was successfully applied to analyse tap, drinking, and river water samples, revealing the presence of amantadine at a concentration of 40.1\u00a0pg\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> in one sample. The environmental impact of the developed FA-SPE sample preparation procedure was also assessed using the AGREEprep metric tool and compared with five other literature methods, achieving the most sustainable outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34466-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T18:22:43Z","timestamp":1722363763000},"page":"49546-49559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Flow analysis-solid phase extraction system and UHPLC-MS\/MS analytical methodology for the determination of antiviral drugs in surface water"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9150-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Mermer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Jas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Paluch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Wo\u017aniakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Wo\u017aniakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Mi\u015bkowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Chocholou\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Sklen\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"34466_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12873","DOI":"10.1021\/es303203c","volume":"46","author":"T Azuma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Azuma T, Nakada N, Yamashita N, Tanaka H (2012) Synchronous dynamics of observed and predicted values of anti-influenza drugs in environmental waters during a seasonal influenza outbreak. 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After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process"}}]}}