{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:53:56Z","timestamp":1775868836444,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"55","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coarse aerosol particles containing chloride in tropical forests are significant for understanding biogeochemical cycles and atmospheric processes, with implications for environmental health and climate change mitigation. This study explored the sources of super-coarse carbonaceous aerosol particles containing chloride in a tropical savanna climate. Aerosol samples were collected from an agro-forest site in Thailand during the dry season and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By examining the morphology and elemental compositions of individual aerosol particles, along with employing Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and backward trajectory analysis, potential sources were identified. The findings revealed two primary sources for the super-coarse aerosol particles: a mixture of biomass burning smoke and inorganic salts (likely from saline soil and sea salt), as well as halophilic fungal spores. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of compounds linked to biomass burning and clay minerals, influenced by prevailing northeast and southeast winds. Recommendations for future research include continued monitoring, correlation with meteorological parameters, and the application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for more detailed visualization and confirmation of aerosol sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35486-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T04:43:24Z","timestamp":1730868204000},"page":"63718-63733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Observing super-coarse carbonaceous aerosol particles containing chloride in a tropical savanna climate at an agro-forest site in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3356-0015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arika","family":"Bridhikitti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chananphat","family":"Kumsawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nutthanaphat","family":"Phitakpinyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sirawich","family":"Sontisaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ratipong","family":"Naksaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weerachon","family":"Sawangproh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"35486_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz9507","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz9507","volume":"6","author":"AA Adebiyi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adebiyi AA, Kok JF (2020) Climate models miss most of the coarse dust in the atmosphere. Sci Adv 6(15):eaaz9507","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"5","key":"35486_CR2","first-page":"319","volume":"69","author":"S Arunin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arunin S, Pongwichian P (2015) Salt-affected soils and management in Thailand. Bull Soc Sea Water Sci Jpn 69(5):319\u2013325","journal-title":"Bull Soc Sea Water Sci Jpn"},{"key":"35486_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun RA, Dadashazar H, MacDonald AB, Aldhaif AM, Maudlin LC, Crosbie E, . . . Sorooshian A (2017) Impact of wildfire emissions on chloride and bromide depletion in marine aerosol particles. Environ Sci Technol 51(16):9013\u20139021","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02039"},{"key":"35486_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"China S, Burrows SM, Wang B, Harder TH, Weis J, Tanarhte M, . . . Ma P-L (2018) Fungal spores as a source of sodium salt particles in the Amazon basin. Nat Commun 9(1):4793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07066-4"},{"key":"35486_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrigan A, Russell L, Takahama S, \u00c4ij\u00e4l\u00e4 M, Ehn M, Junninen H, . . . Vogel A (2013) Biogenic and biomass burning organic aerosol in a boreal forest at Hyyti\u00e4l\u00e4, Finland, during HUMPPA-COPEC 2010. Atmos Chem Phys 13(24):12233\u201312256","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-12233-2013"},{"key":"35486_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozic J, Verheggen B, Weingartner E, Crosier J, Bower K, Flynn M, . . . Henne S (2008) Chemical composition of free tropospheric aerosol for PM1 and coarse mode at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. Atmos Chem Phys 8(2):407\u2013423","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-407-2008"},{"issue":"14","key":"35486_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.1021\/es048007u","volume":"39","author":"GO Da Rocha","year":"2005","unstructured":"Da Rocha GO, Allen AG, Cardoso AA (2005) Influence of agricultural biomass burning on aerosol size distribution and dry deposition in southeastern Brazil. Environ Sci Technol 39(14):5293\u20135301","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"35486_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang C, Segal-Rozenhaimer M, Che H, Zhang L, Formenti P, Taylor J, . . . Nenes A (2022) Biomass burning and marine aerosol processing over the southeast Atlantic Ocean: a TEM single-particle analysis. Atmos Chem Phys 22(14):9389\u20139412","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-9389-2022"},{"key":"35486_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diapouli E, Popovicheva O, Kistler M, Vratolis S, Persiantseva N, Timofeev M, . . . Eleftheriadis K (2014) Physicochemical characterization of aged biomass burning aerosol after long-range transport to Greece from large scale wildfires in Russia and surrounding regions, Summer 2010. Atmos Environ 96:393\u2013404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.07.055"},{"key":"35486_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134381","volume":"299","author":"S Frka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frka S, \u0160ala M, Brodnik H, \u0160tefane B, Krofli\u010d A, Grgi\u0107 I (2022) Seasonal variability of nitroaromatic compounds in ambient aerosols: mass size distribution, possible sources and contribution to water-soluble brown carbon light absorption. Chemosphere 299:134381","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"9","key":"35486_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-3837-2012","volume":"12","author":"J Fu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fu J, Hsu N, Gao Y, Huang K, Li C, Lin N-H, Tsay S-C (2012) Evaluating the influences of biomass burning during 2006 BASE-ASIA: a regional chemical transport modeling. Atmos Chem Phys 12(9):3837\u20133855","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"issue":"18","key":"35486_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6933","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-6933-2009","volume":"9","author":"H Geng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geng H, Park Y, Hwang H, Kang S, Ro C-U (2009) Elevated nitrogen-containing particles observed in Asian dust aerosol samples collected at the marine boundary layer of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Atmos Chem Phys 9(18):6933\u20136947","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"35486_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1021\/es404727u","volume":"48","author":"S Ghorai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghorai S, Wang B, Tivanski A, Laskin A (2014) Hygroscopic properties of internally mixed particles composed of NaCl and water-soluble organic acids. Environ Sci Technol 48(4):2234\u20132241","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"35486_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilardoni S, Liu S, Takahama S, Russell L, Allan J, Steinbrecher R, . . . Baumgardner D (2009) Characterization of organic ambient aerosol during MIRAGE 2006 on three platforms. Atmos Chem Phys 9(15):5417\u20135432","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-5417-2009"},{"key":"35486_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s41810-024-00211-1","volume":"8","author":"S Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta S, Shankar S, Srivastava P, Naja M, Gadi R, Sharma SK (2024b) Mineralogical characteristics and sources of coarse mode particulate matter in Central Himalayas. Aerosol Sci Eng 8:121\u2013132","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Eng"},{"key":"35486_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta S, Shankar S, Kuniyal JC, Srivastava P, Lata R, Chaudhary S, . . . Dutta M (2024a) Identification of sources of coarse mode aerosol particles (PM10) using ATR-FTIR and SEM-EDX spectroscopy over the Himalayan Region of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31(10):15788\u201315808","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-31973-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"35486_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026290","volume":"122","author":"JL Hand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hand JL, Gill T, Schichtel B (2017) Spatial and seasonal variability in fine mineral dust and coarse aerosol mass at remote sites across the United States. J Geophys Res: Atmos 122(5):3080\u20133097","journal-title":"J Geophys Res: Atmos"},{"key":"35486_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan C, Pszenny A, Keene W, Cooper O, Deegan B, Maben J, . . . Young A (2015) Origins of aerosol chlorine during winter over north central Colorado, USA. J Geophys Res: Atmos 120(2):678\u2013694","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022294"},{"issue":"8","key":"35486_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-021-01449-y","volume":"12","author":"G Jozanikohan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jozanikohan G, Abarghooei MN (2022) The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis for the clay mineralogy studies in a clastic reservoir. J Pet Explor Prod Technol 12(8):2093\u20132106","journal-title":"J Pet Explor Prod Technol"},{"key":"35486_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.08.027","volume":"67","author":"K-H Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim K-H, Kabir E, Jahan SA (2018) Airborne bioaerosols and their impact on human health. J Environ Sci 67:23\u201335","journal-title":"J Environ Sci"},{"key":"35486_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koulouri E, Saarikoski S, Theodosi C, Markaki Z, Gerasopoulos E, Kouvarakis G, . . . Mihalopoulos N (2008) Chemical composition and sources of fine and coarse aerosol particles in the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmos Environ 42(26):6542\u20136550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.04.010"},{"key":"35486_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li W, Shao L (2010) Mixing and water\u2010soluble characteristics of particulate organic compounds in individual urban aerosol particles. J Geophys Res: Atmos 115(D2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009JD012575","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012575"},{"key":"35486_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li J, P\u00f3sfai M, Hobbs PV, Buseck PR (2003) Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 2, compositions and aging of inorganic particles. J Geophys Res: Atmos 108(D13). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002JD002310","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002310"},{"issue":"33","key":"35486_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00654-4","volume":"36","author":"SF Maria","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maria SF, Russell LM, Turpin BJ, Porcja RJ (2002) FTIR measurements of functional groups and organic mass in aerosol samples over the Caribbean. Atmos Environ 36(33):5185\u20135196","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"35486_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Newberg JT, Matthew BM, Anastasio C (2005) Chloride and bromide depletions in sea\u2010salt particles over the northeastern Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res: Atmos 110(D6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD005446","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005446"},{"issue":"11","key":"35486_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2015.12.0677","volume":"16","author":"NTK Oanh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oanh NTK, Hang NT, Aungsiri T, Worrarat T, Danutawat T (2016) Characterization of particulate matter measured at remote forest site in relation to local and distant contributing sources. Aerosol Air Qual Res 16(11):2671\u20132684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4209\/aaqr.2015.12.0677","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual Res"},{"key":"35486_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00d6berg GM (2003) The biogeochemistry of chlorine in soil. Natural Production of Organohalogen Compounds, pp 43\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/b10447","DOI":"10.1007\/b10447"},{"key":"35486_CR28","unstructured":"Office NS (2023) Statistics of temperature by province meteorological station and month: 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2023 http:\/\/statbbi.nso.go.th\/staticreport\/page\/sector\/th\/21.aspx"},{"key":"35486_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.11.060","volume":"49","author":"P Pant","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pant P, Harrison RM (2012) Critical review of receptor modelling for particulate matter: a case study of India. Atmos Environ 49:1\u201312","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"D19","key":"35486_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25263","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02088","volume":"103","author":"CA Pio","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pio CA, Lopes DA (1998) Chlorine loss from marine aerosol in a coastal atmosphere. J Geophys Res: Atmos 103(D19):25263\u201325272","journal-title":"J Geophys Res: Atmos"},{"issue":"3","key":"35486_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820801958767","volume":"42","author":"A Polidori","year":"2008","unstructured":"Polidori A, Turpin BJ, Davidson CI, Rodenburg LA, Maimone F (2008) Organic PM 2.5: fractionation by polarity, FTIR spectroscopy, and OM\/OC ratio for the Pittsburgh aerosol. Aerosol Sci Technol 42(3):233\u2013246","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"35486_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11040319","volume":"11","author":"O Popovicheva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Popovicheva O, Ivanov A, Vojtisek M (2020) Functional factors of biomass burning contribution to spring aerosol composition in a megacity: combined FTIR-PCA analyses. Atmosphere 11(4):319","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"35486_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2018.04.003","volume":"9","author":"P Punsompong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Punsompong P, Chantara S (2018) Identification of potential sources of PM10 pollution from biomass burning in northern Thailand using statistical analysis of trajectories. Atmos Pollut Res 9(6):1038\u20131051","journal-title":"Atmos Pollut Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"35486_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s12647-022-00575-0","volume":"37","author":"S Shankar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shankar S, Gadi R, Sharma S, Mandal T (2022) Identification of carbonaceous species and FTIR profiling of PM2.5 aerosols for source estimation in old Delhi region of India. Mapan 37(3):529\u2013544","journal-title":"Mapan"},{"key":"35486_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.09.040","volume":"78","author":"YI Tsai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsai YI, Sopajaree K, Chotruksa A, Wu H-C, Kuo S-C (2013) Source indicators of biomass burning associated with inorganic salts and carboxylates in dry season ambient aerosol in Chiang Mai Basin, Thailand. Atmos Environ 78:93\u2013104","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"35486_CR36","unstructured":"Vincent K, Passant N (2006) Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the United Kingdom. Report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Welsh Assembly Government, the Scottish Executive and the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland. https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/etdeweb\/biblio\/20847482"},{"key":"35486_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Wang X, Yang X, Li W, Xue L, Wang T, . . . Wang W (2017) Mixed chloride aerosols and their atmospheric implications: a review. Aerosol Air Qual Res 17(4):878\u2013887","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2016.09.0383"},{"key":"35486_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazdani A, Takahama S, Kodros JK, Paglione M, Masiol M, Squizzato S, . . . Pandis SN (2022) Chemical evolution of primary and secondary biomass burning aerosols during daytime and nighttime. Atmos Chem Phys Discussi 2022:1\u201328","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu22-10738"},{"key":"35486_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, Liu L, Xu L, Lin Q, Zhao H, Wang Z, . . . Shi Z (2020) Exploring wintertime regional haze in northeast China: role of coal and biomass burning. Atmos Chem Phys 20(9):5355\u20135372","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-5355-2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"35486_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.09.002","volume":"407","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Gao Y (2008) Acidic species and chloride depletion in coarse aerosol particles in the US east coast. Sci Total Environ 407(1):541\u2013547","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"11","key":"35486_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5504","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023611","volume":"120","author":"C Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu C, Kawamura K, Kunwar B (2015) Organic tracers of primary biological aerosol particles at subtropical Okinawa Island in the western North Pacific Rim. J Geophys Res: Atmos 120(11):5504\u20135523","journal-title":"J Geophys Res: Atmos"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35486-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35486-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35486-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T07:17:49Z","timestamp":1732691869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35486-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"55","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["35486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35486-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors whose names appear on the submission give their consent to publish this paper if it is accepted.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}