{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:11:33Z","timestamp":1788999093851,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019774","name":"Belmont Forum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004617","name":"Institut national des sciences de l\u2019Univers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universitaire de Recherche Toulouse Graduate School of Earth and Space Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Road traffic is one of the main sources of particulate matter in the urban environment, emitting particulate organic and elemental carbon compounds and metal-rich particles through combustion and brakes and tires wear. In Western Africa, the carbon and metal composition of airborne particles is also influenced by additional sources linked to biomass combustion and recent industrialization. Here, we investigated the impact of combustion-related and non-combustion-related emissions on the distribution of carbonaceous fractions and iron-rich particles in two urban environments in France and Senegal. The supermicron fraction (<jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$D_a&gt;{1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>D<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>a<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\u00b5m) showed a significantly higher isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) than finer fractions, accounting for 79% in France and 81% in Senegal of the total SIRM. In the submicron fraction (<jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$D_a&lt;{1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>D<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>a<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\u00b5m), we noted significantly higher concentrations of total carbon (TC) and elemental carbon (EC) than for other fractions, both accounting for 71% in France and 68% and 75% in Senegal of the total and elemental particulate carbon concentration, respectively. Electron microscope observations revealed the presence of iron-rich particles for <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>$$D_a&lt;{0.2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>D<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>a<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mn>0.2<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\u00b5m, however, associated with a weak SIRM. Such iron particles may be produced by combustion or abrasion while we suspect that emissions by the abrasion process produce larger particles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35729-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T07:52:16Z","timestamp":1734594736000},"page":"677-692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Size-fractionated carbonaceous and iron-rich particulate matter in urban environments of France and Senegal"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Laurence","family":"Delville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"L\u00e9on","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lina","family":"Macouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann-Philippe","family":"Tastevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Demory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Proietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Henrique","family":"da Silva Chibane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Dias Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayoro","family":"Gueye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"Laffont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Gardrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Rousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loic","family":"Drigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9a Teixeira","family":"Ustra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"35729_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.08.002","volume":"153","author":"CA Alves","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alves CA, Gomes J, Nunes T et al (2015) Size-segregated particulate matter and gaseous emissions from motor vehicles in a road tunnel. Atmos Res 153:134\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.08.002","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"35729_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1021\/es204006k","volume":"46","author":"AP Ault","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ault AP, Peters TM, Sawvel EJ et al (2012) Single-particle SEM-EDX analysis of iron-containing coarse particulate matter in an urban environment: sources and distribution of iron within Cleveland. Ohio. Environmental Science & Technology 46(8):4331\u20134339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es204006k","journal-title":"Ohio. Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"35729_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bahino J, Giordano M, Beekmann M, et\u00a0al (2024) Temporal variability and regional influences of PM $$_{\\rm 2.5}$$ in the West African cities of Abidjan (C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire) and Accra (Ghana). Environmental Science: Atmospheres 4(4):468\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D4EA00012A","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EA00012A"},{"key":"35729_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121830","volume":"331","author":"DCS Beddows","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beddows DCS, Harrison RM, Gonet T et al (2023) Measurement of road traffic brake and tyre dust emissions using both particle composition and size distribution data. Environ Pollut 331:121830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121830","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"16","key":"35729_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8813","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-8813-2014","volume":"14","author":"M Bressi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bressi M, Sciare J, Ghersi V et al (2014) Sources and geographical origins of fine aerosols in Paris (France). Atmos Chem Phys 14(16):8813\u20138839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-8813-2014","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"35729_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.07.015","volume":"96","author":"A Casta\u00f1eda-Miranda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda-Miranda A, B\u00f6hnel H, Molina-Garza R et al (2014) Magnetic evaluation of TSP-filters for air quality monitoring. Atmos Environ 96:163\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.07.015","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"35729_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-79-2010","volume":"3","author":"F Cavalli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cavalli F, Viana M, Yttri KE et al (2010) Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: the EUSAAR protocol. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3(1):79\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-3-79-2010","journal-title":"Atmospheric Measurement Techniques"},{"issue":"10","key":"35729_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2020.06.027","volume":"11","author":"D Cesari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cesari D, Merico E, Dinoi A et al (2020) An inter-comparison of size segregated carbonaceous aerosol collected by low-volume impactor in the port-cities of Venice (Italy) and Rijeka (Croatia). Atmos Pollut Res 11(10):1705\u20131714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apr.2020.06.027","journal-title":"Atmos Pollut Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"35729_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L424","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00232.2019","volume":"317","author":"YL Chan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan YL, Wang B, Chen H et al (2019) Pulmonary inflammation induced by low-dose particulate matter exposure in mice. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 317(3):L424\u2013L430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.00232.2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology"},{"key":"35729_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chow JC, Watson JG, Lowenthal DH, et\u00a0al (2011) PM2.5 source profiles for black and organic carbon emission inventories. Atmospheric Environment 45(31):5407\u20135414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.07.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.07.011"},{"issue":"7","key":"35729_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac00e2","volume":"16","author":"M Crippa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crippa M, Guizzardi D, Pisoni E et al (2021) Global anthropogenic emissions in urban areas: patterns, trends, and challenges. Environ Res Lett 16(7):074033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac00e2","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"35729_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820802339587","volume":"42","author":"M Dall\u2019Osto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dall\u2019Osto M, Booth MJ, Smith W et al (2008) A study of the size distributions and the chemical characterization of airborne particles in the vicinity of a large integrated steelworks. Aerosol Sci Technol 42(12):981\u2013991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786820802339587","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"35729_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(77)90108-X","volume":"13","author":"R Day","year":"1977","unstructured":"Day R, Fuller M, Schmidt VA (1977) Hysteresis properties of titanomagnetites: grain-size and compositional dependence. Phys Earth Planet Inter 13(4):260\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0031-9201(77)90108-X","journal-title":"Phys Earth Planet Inter"},{"issue":"9","key":"35729_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6275","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-6275-2018","volume":"18","author":"J Djossou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Djossou J, L\u00e9on JF, Akpo AB et al (2018) Mass concentration, optical depth and carbon composition of particulate matter in the major southern West African cities of Cotonou (Benin) and Abidjan (C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire). Atmos Chem Phys 18(9):6275\u20136291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-18-6275-2018","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"35729_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14040684","volume":"14","author":"T Doumbia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Doumbia T, Liousse C, Ouafo-Leumbe MR et al (2023) Source apportionment of ambient particulate matter (PM) in Two Western African urban sites (Dakar in Senegal and Bamako in Mali). Atmosphere 14(4):684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos14040684","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"35729_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dunlop DJ (2002a) Theory and application of the Day plot (Mrs\/Ms versus Hcr\/Hc) 1. Theoretical curves and tests using titanomagnetite data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 107(B3):EPM 4\u20131\u2013EPM 4\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JB000486","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000486"},{"key":"35729_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dunlop DJ (2002b) Theory and application of the Day plot (Mrs\/Ms versus Hcr\/Hc) 2. Application to data for rocks, sediments, and soils. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 107(B3):EPM 5\u20131\u2013EPM 5\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JB000487","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000487"},{"issue":"39","key":"35729_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.09.001","volume":"43","author":"I El Haddad","year":"2009","unstructured":"El Haddad I, Marchand N, Dron J et al (2009) Comprehensive primary particulate organic characterization of vehicular exhaust emissions in France. Atmos Environ 43(39):6190\u20136198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.09.001","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"35729_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferreira APS, Ramos JMO, Gamaro GD, et\u00a0al (2022) Experimental rodent models exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) highlighting the injuries in the central nervous system: a systematic review. Atmospheric Pollution Research 13(5):101407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101407"},{"issue":"11","key":"35729_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.08.042","volume":"73","author":"P Flament","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flament P, Mattielli N, Aimoz L et al (2008) Iron isotopic fractionation in industrial emissions and urban aerosols. Chemosphere 73(11):1793\u20131798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.08.042","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"35729_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Formenti P, Caquineau S, Chevaillier S, et\u00a0al (2014) Dominance of goethite over hematite in iron oxides of mineral dust from Western Africa: Quantitative partitioning by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119(22). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014JD021668","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021668"},{"issue":"14","key":"35729_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1021\/es970916e","volume":"32","author":"MP Fraser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fraser MP, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1998) Gas-phase and particle-phase organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle traffic in a Los Angeles roadway tunnel. Environmental Science & Technology 32(14):2051\u20132060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es970916e","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"11","key":"35729_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6813","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01072","volume":"56","author":"JC Fussell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fussell JC, Franklin M, Green DC et al (2022) A review of road traffic-derived non-exhaust particles: emissions, physicochemical characteristics, health risks, and mitigation measures. Environmental Science & Technology 56(11):6813\u20136835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.2c01072","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"35729_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda M\u00c1, S\u00e1nchez ML, de los R\u00edos A, et\u00a0al (2019) Analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in an urban atmosphere in Northern Spain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 76(2):331\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00244-018-0581-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-018-0581-3"},{"issue":"21","key":"35729_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1021\/es001108h","volume":"34","author":"BD Garg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Garg BD, Cadle SH, Mulawa PA et al (2000) Brake wear particulate matter emissions. Environmental Science & Technology 34(21):4463\u20134469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es001108h","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"12","key":"35729_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EA00131H","volume":"3","author":"S Gnamien","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gnamien S, Liousse C, Keita S et al (2023) Chemical characterization of urban aerosols in Abidjan and Korhogo (C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire) from 2018 to 2020 and the identification of their potential emission sources. Environmental Science: Atmospheres 3(12):1741\u20131757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3EA00131H","journal-title":"Environmental Science: Atmospheres"},{"issue":"17","key":"35729_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9970","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01505","volume":"53","author":"T Gonet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gonet T, Maher BA (2019) Airborne, vehicle-derived Fe-bearing nanoparticles in the urban environment: a review. Environmental Science & Technology 53(17):9970\u20139991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.9b01505","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"35729_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harrison RM, Allan J, Carruthers D et al (2021) Non-exhaust vehicle emissions of particulate matter and VOC from road traffic: a review. Atmos Environ 262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118592"},{"key":"35729_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hussain S, Hamid MKA, Lazim ARM, et\u00a0al (2014) Brake wear particle size and shape analysis of non-asbestos organic (NAO) and semi metallic brake pad. Jurnal Teknologi 71(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11113\/jt.v71.3731","DOI":"10.11113\/jt.v71.3731"},{"issue":"11","key":"35729_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-2915-2005","volume":"5","author":"JL Jaffrezo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jaffrezo JL, Aymoz G, Cozic J (2005) Size distribution of EC and OC in the aerosol of Alpine valleys during summer and winter. Atmos Chem Phys 5(11):2915\u20132925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-5-2915-2005","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"35729_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.10.038","volume":"198","author":"CH Jeong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeong CH, Wang JM, Hilker N et al (2019) Temporal and spatial variability of traffic-related PM2.5 sources: comparison of exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. Atmos Environ 198:55\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.10.038","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"7","key":"35729_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3691-2021","volume":"13","author":"S Keita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keita S, Liousse C, Assamoi EM et al (2021) African anthropogenic emissions inventory for gases and particles from 1990 to 2015. Earth System Science Data 13(7):3691\u20133705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essd-13-3691-2021","journal-title":"Earth System Science Data"},{"issue":"20","key":"35729_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1021\/es981277q","volume":"33","author":"MJ Kleeman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kleeman MJ, Schauer JJ, Cass GR (1999) Size and composition distribution of fine particulate matter emitted from wood burning, meat charbroiling, and cigarettes. Environmental Science & Technology 33(20):3516\u20133523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es981277q","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"21","key":"35729_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.02.060","volume":"42","author":"MA Krudysz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krudysz MA, Froines JR, Fine PM et al (2008) Intra-community spatial variation of size-fractionated PM mass, OC, EC, and trace elements in the Long Beach. CA area. Atmospheric Environment 42(21):5374\u20135389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.02.060","journal-title":"CA area. Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"35729_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0405-1","volume":"52","author":"HS Kwon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwon HS, Ryu MH, Carlsten C (2020) Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease. Experimental & Molecular Medicine 52(3):318\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-020-0405-1","journal-title":"Experimental & Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"35729_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118568","volume":"261","author":"JC Larrasoa\u00f1a","year":"2021","unstructured":"Larrasoa\u00f1a JC, Pey J, Zhao X et al (2021) Environmental magnetic fingerprinting of anthropogenic and natural atmospheric deposition over southwestern Europe. Atmos Environ 261:118568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118568","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"35729_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0394-0","volume":"52","author":"GD Leikauf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leikauf GD, Kim SH, Jang AS (2020) Mechanisms of ultrafine particle-induced respiratory health effects. Experimental & Molecular Medicine 52(3):329\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-020-0394-0","journal-title":"Experimental & Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"35729_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leite AdS, L\u00e9on JF, Macouin M, et\u00a0al (2021) PM2.5 magnetic properties in relation to urban combustion sources in Southern West Africa. Atmosphere 12(4):496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos12040496","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12040496"},{"issue":"2","key":"35729_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14020339","volume":"14","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Yao J, Zhou H et al (2023) Size distribution of chemical components of particulate matter in Lhasa. Atmosphere 14(2):339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos14020339","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"24","key":"35729_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14495","DOI":"10.1021\/es403121y","volume":"47","author":"A Liati","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liati A, Schreiber D, Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P et al (2013) Metal particle emissions in the exhaust stream of diesel engines: an electron microscope study. Environmental Science & Technology 47(24):14495\u201314501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es403121y","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"19","key":"35729_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9631","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-9631-2010","volume":"10","author":"C Liousse","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liousse C, Guillaume B, Gr\u00e9goire JM et al (2010) Updated African biomass burning emission inventories in the framework of the AMMA-IDAF program, with an evaluation of combustion aerosols. Atmos Chem Phys 10(19):9631\u20139646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-10-9631-2010","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"35729_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu C, Cao G, Li J, et\u00a0al (2023) Effect of long-term exposure to PM2.5 on the risk of type 2 diabetes and arthritis in type 2 diabetes patients: evidence from a national cohort in China. Environment International 171:107741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107741"},{"key":"35729_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/books.irdeditions.8733","volume-title":"Le monde des transports s\u00e9n\u00e9galais: ancrage local et d\u00e9veloppement international","author":"J Lombard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lombard J (2015) Le monde des transports s\u00e9n\u00e9galais: ancrage local et d\u00e9veloppement international. Collection Objectifs Suds, IRD \u00e9ditions, Institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement, Marseille"},{"key":"35729_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lyons R, Oldfield F, Williams E (2010) Mineral magnetic properties of surface soils and sands across four North African transects and links to climatic gradients. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 11(8):2010GC003183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2010GC003183","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GC003183"},{"key":"35729_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manojkumar N, Srimuruganandam B (2022) Size-segregated particulate matter characteristics in indoor and outdoor environments of urban traffic and residential sites. Urban Climate 44:101232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.uclim.2022.101232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2022.101232"},{"key":"35729_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martins V, Faria T, Diapouli E et al (2020) Relationship between indoor and outdoor size-fractionated particulate matter in urban microenvironments: levels, chemical composition and sources. Environ Res 183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109203"},{"key":"35729_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.08.010","volume":"135\u2013136","author":"S Mbengue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mbengue S, Alleman LY, Flament P (2014) Size-distributed metallic elements in submicronic and ultrafine atmospheric particles from urban and industrial areas in northern France. Atmos Res 135\u2013136:35\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.08.010","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"35729_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-3413-2020","volume":"12","author":"EE McDuffie","year":"2020","unstructured":"McDuffie EE, Smith SJ, O\u2019Rourke P et al (2020) A global anthropogenic emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants from sector- and fuel-specific sources (1970\u20132017): an application of the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). Earth System Science Data 12(4):3413\u20133442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essd-12-3413-2020","journal-title":"Earth System Science Data"},{"key":"35729_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.11.024","volume":"138","author":"F Mirante","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mirante F, Salvador P, Pio C et al (2014) Size fractionated aerosol composition at roadside and background environments in the Madrid urban atmosphere. Atmos Res 138:278\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.11.024","journal-title":"Atmos Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"35729_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.01.042","volume":"43","author":"R Mitchell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitchell R, Maher BA (2009) Evaluation and application of biomagnetic monitoring of traffic-derived particulate pollution. Atmos Environ 43(13):2095\u20132103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.01.042","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"35729_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.04.028","volume":"77","author":"P Pant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pant P, Harrison RM (2013) Estimation of the contribution of road traffic emissions to particulate matter concentrations from field measurements: a review. Atmos Environ 77:78\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.04.028","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"32","key":"35729_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.07.004","volume":"43","author":"MM Patel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patel MM, Chillrud SN, Correa JC et al (2009) Spatial and temporal variations in traffic-related particulate matter at New York City high schools. Atmos Environ 43(32):4975\u20134981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.07.004","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"35729_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-020-00420-8","volume":"32","author":"E Petrovsk\u00fd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petrovsk\u00fd E, Kapi\u010dka A, Grison H et al (2020) Negative correlation between concentration of iron oxides and particulate matter in atmospheric dust: case study at industrial site during smoggy period. Environ Sci Eur 32(1):134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12302-020-00420-8","journal-title":"Environ Sci Eur"},{"issue":"34","key":"35729_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.045","volume":"45","author":"C Pio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pio C, Cerqueira M, Harrison RM et al (2011) OC\/EC ratio observations in Europe: re-thinking the approach for apportionment between primary and secondary organic carbon. Atmos Environ 45(34):6121\u20136132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.045","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"35729_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Piscitello A, Bianco C, Casasso A et al (2021) Non-exhaust traffic emissions: sources, characterization, and mitigation measures. Sci Total Environ 766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144440"},{"issue":"34","key":"35729_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.05.022","volume":"41","author":"X Querol","year":"2007","unstructured":"Querol X, Viana M, Alastuey A et al (2007) Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain. Atmos Environ 41(34):7219\u20137231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.05.022","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"35729_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39797-4","volume":"14","author":"J Rentschler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rentschler J, Leonova N (2023) Global air pollution exposure and poverty. Nat Commun 14(1):4432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-39797-4","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"35729_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5424-2","volume":"401","author":"J Ruusunen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruusunen J, Tapanainen M, Sippula O et al (2011) A novel particle sampling system for physico-chemical and toxicological characterization of emissions. Anal Bioanal Chem 401(10):3183\u20133195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-011-5424-2","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"35729_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sagnotti L, Macr\u00ed P, Egli R, et\u00a0al (2006) Magnetic properties of atmospheric particulate matter from automatic air sampler stations in Latium (Italy): toward a definition of magnetic fingerprints for natural and anthropogenic PM$$_{10}$$ sources. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 111(B12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006JB004508","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004508"},{"key":"35729_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sagnotti L, Taddeucci J, Winkler A, et\u00a0al (2009) Compositional, morphological, and hysteresis characterization of magnetic airborne particulate matter in Rome, Italy. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009GC002563","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GC002563"},{"issue":"7","key":"35729_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-4295-2020","volume":"20","author":"I Salma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salma I, Vasanits-Zsigrai A, Machon A et al (2020) Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic sources of fine carbonaceous aerosol in the Carpathian Basin. Atmos Chem Phys 20(7):4295\u20134312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-20-4295-2020","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"35729_CR62","volume-title":"Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, seconde","author":"JH Seinfeld","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, seconde, edition. J. Wiley, Hoboken, N.J","edition":"edition"},{"issue":"7","key":"35729_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.101113","volume":"12","author":"B Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh B, Kaushik A (2021) Application of biomagnetic analysis technique using roadside trees for monitoring and identification of possible sources of atmospheric particulates in selected air pollution hotspots in Delhi. India. Atmospheric Pollution Research 12(7):101113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apr.2021.101113","journal-title":"India. Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"35729_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stachurski ZH, Wang G, Tan X (2021) Chapter 6 - magnetic properties of amorphous metallic alloys. In: Stachurski ZH, Wang G, Tan X (eds) An Introduction to Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Metals. Elsevier, p 157\u2013192, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-819418-8.00010-3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819418-8.00010-3"},{"key":"35729_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Streets DG, Bond TC, Lee T, et\u00a0al (2004) On the future of carbonaceous aerosol emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 109(D24):2004JD004902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD004902","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004902"},{"key":"35729_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suryadhi MAH, Suryadhi PAR, Abudureyimu K, et\u00a0al (2020) Exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) and prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. Environment International 140:105603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105603"},{"issue":"B1","key":"35729_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1029\/95JB03041","volume":"101","author":"L Tauxe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tauxe L, Mullender TAT, Pick T (1996) Potbellies, wasp-waists, and superparamagnetism in magnetic hysteresis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 101(B1):571\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/95JB03041","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth"},{"key":"35729_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.01.028","volume":"87","author":"T Torvela","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torvela T, Tissari J, Sippula O et al (2014) Effect of wood combustion conditions on the morphology of freshly emitted fine particles. Atmos Environ 87:65\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.01.028","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"35729_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107744","volume":"172","author":"P Trechera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trechera P, Garcia-Marl\u00e8s M, Liu X et al (2023) Phenomenology of ultrafine particle concentrations and size distribution across urban Europe. Environ Int 172:107744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107744","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"35729_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-009-9564-x","volume":"38","author":"J Wahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wahlstr\u00f6m J, Olander L, Olofsson U (2010) Size, shape, and elemental composition of airborne wear particles from disc brake materials. Tribol Lett 38(1):15\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11249-009-9564-x","journal-title":"Tribol Lett"},{"key":"35729_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.120277","volume":"319","author":"B Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang B, Cm Gu, Chen Q et al (2024) Magnetic characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter and its indication of atmospheric pollution during winter in Lanzhou. NW China. Atmospheric Environment 319:120277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.120277","journal-title":"NW China. Atmospheric Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"35729_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2014.07.004","volume":"35","author":"C Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang C, Liu X, Li D et al (2015) Measurement of particulate matter and trace elements from a coal-fired power plant with electrostatic precipitators equipped the low temperature economizer. Proc Combust Inst 35(3):2793\u20132800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.proci.2014.07.004","journal-title":"Proc Combust Inst"},{"key":"35729_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Winkler A, Amoroso A, Di Giosa A et al (2021) The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on airborne particulate matter in Rome, Italy: a magnetic point of view. Environ Pollut 291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118191"},{"key":"35729_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153729","volume":"823","author":"A Winkler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winkler A, Contardo T, Lapenta V et al (2022) Assessing the impact of vehicular particulate matter on cultural heritage by magnetic biomonitoring at Villa Farnesina in Rome. Italy. Science of The Total Environment 823:153729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153729","journal-title":"Italy. Science of The Total Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"35729_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101347","volume":"13","author":"H Xiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiao H, Leng X, Qian X et al (2022) Prediction of heavy metals in airborne fine particulate matter using magnetic parameters by machine learning from a metropolitan city in china. Atmos Pollut Res 13(3):101347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101347","journal-title":"Atmos Pollut Res"},{"key":"35729_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu H, L\u00e9on JF, Liousse C, et\u00a0al (2019) Personal exposure to PM$$_{2.5}$$ emitted from typical anthropogenic sources in southern West Africa: chemical characteristics and associated health risks. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19(10):6637\u20136657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-19-6637-2019","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-6637-2019"},{"key":"35729_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou S, Yuan Q, Li W et al (2014) Trace metals in atmospheric fine particles in one industrial urban city: spatial variations, sources, and health implications. J Environ Sci 26(1):205\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1001-0742(13)60399-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(13)60399-X"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35729-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35729-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35729-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T20:09:04Z","timestamp":1736885344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35729-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["35729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-024-35729-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}