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And despite the ability of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> to form strong biofilms on plastics in clinical settings, the potential for plastics in the environment to facilitate survival and dissemination of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> as has not been determined. Here, we have collected plastic pollutants from freshwater, estuarine, and marine environments and successfully isolated five pathogenic species of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>, including three that are on the WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens list (<jats:italic>C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, Pichia kudriavzevii<\/jats:italic> (formerly known as <jats:italic>Candida krusei<\/jats:italic>). All environmental isolates were resistant to at least one antifungal drug, thermotolerant to human body temperature, and showed pathogenicity in a <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> model of infection. In addition, polyethylene (PE) plastic pellets were deployed upstream and downstream of a wastewater discharge pipe in a small freshwater stream. Although all pellets became colonised by pathogenic species of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>, there were clear differences in species prevalence upstream and downstream of the effluent, indicating a clear point source for <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> discharge into surface waters. The global incidence of candidiasis, particularly by drug resistant strains, is increasing, and it is therefore critical that we increase our focus on the environmental reservoirs of these pathogens and continue to improve our understanding of their environmental persistence and subsequent transfer routes to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-36558-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T08:18:01Z","timestamp":1749025081000},"page":"14993-15005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Thermotolerance, virulence, and drug resistance of human pathogenic Candida species colonising plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayorinde","family":"Akinbobola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Woodford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-4410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard S.","family":"Quilliam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"36558_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011268","volume":"19","author":"AB Akinbobola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akinbobola AB, Kean R, Hanifi SMA, Quilliam RS (2023) Environmental reservoirs of the drug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris. 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