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However, limited understanding of the materials' physicochemical properties, phosphorus speciation, and potential contamination by tracing heavy metals continues to hinder their safe application. This study addresses these gaps by systematically characterizing struvite precipitated from source-separated human urine collected from dry toilet facilities and stored at ambient temperature for six months, representing a scarcely explored effluent matrix in nutrient recovery research. The precipitation was driven by natural microbial urease activity and by the addition of magnesium oxide (MgO) without pH adjustment (Mg:P molar ratio of 1.71:2.21). The resulting solids were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), solid-state phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance\n                    <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>\n                    P NMR, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and the Measurement and Standard Testing (MTP) protocol. Struvite (MgNH\u2084PO\u2084\u22196H\u2082O) was identified as the dominant crystalline phase (79.54%), with minor presence of newberyite (MgHPO\u2084\u22193H\u2082O) revealed by\n                    <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>\n                    P NMR. Heavy metals, including arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium, and mercury, were detected at concentrations well below regulatory thresholds established by Brazilian legislation. Phosphorus speciation analysis showed a predominance of inorganic forms (70.0\u00a0mg\u2219g\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    IP) within the product, which contained 10.2% P. Additionally, 61% of the total phosphorus content was solubilized within 10\u00a0days at neutral pH, with the kinetics excellently described by the Elovich model. These findings support the feasibility of converting human urine into a safe, phosphorus-rich fertilizer, advancing circular economy principles towards sustainable sanitation practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-37380-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T16:31:45Z","timestamp":1769272305000},"page":"1639-1651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Struvite precipitation from source-separated human urine: mineralogical characterization, phosphorus release kinetics, and heavy metal safety assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2048-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Franci","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regiane Pereira","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri Nascimento","family":"Nariyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Estevam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honerio Coutinho","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"37380_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1205\/cherd06031","volume":"85","author":"MI Ali","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ali MI (2007) Struvite crystallization in fed-batch pilot scale and description of solution chemistry of struvite. 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This study did not involve human participants, personal data, or identifiable individuals that would require specific consent for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}