{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:21:29Z","timestamp":1793391689430,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019693","name":"Universidade Federal Da Fronteira Sul","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The management of metallurgical tailings from the zinc process (MTZP) involves a series of hazards due to the presence of heavy metals and sulfates in its composition. An alternative to overcome these difficulties is the use of the solidification\/stabilization technique associated with the disposal in dry stacks. For this purpose, it was evaluated the environmental, microstructural, and mechanical properties of compacted metallurgical tailings from the zinc process stabilized with quicklime, Portland cement, and a mixture of both to reduce the potential contamination and increase the mechanical properties, under 7 and 28\u00a0days of curing. Analyses such as X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were conducted. Complementarily, mechanical response (unconfined strength and initial shear modulus) and batch leaching tests were executed to provide a complete understanding of treated material behavior. Stabilization with Portland cement reduced the leaching of heavy metals and was not effective in stabilizing the sulfates. The quicklime, due to the common ion effect, provided a reduction in the leaching of sulfates and some heavy metals and a better mechanical response compared to Portland cement. The use of both stabilizers produced the best combination of encapsulation of heavy metals, reduction in the leaching of sulfates, and enhancement of the mechanical properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37393-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T07:29:20Z","timestamp":1769239760000},"page":"1677-1694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Solidification\/stabilization of metallurgical tailings from the zinc process: environmental, microstructural, and mechanical aspects"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8476-6123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Fante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2843-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Lotero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Carlos Scheuermann","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0133-8308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovani Jordi","family":"Bruschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8295-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maiki","family":"Mafessoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1739-7344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alice","family":"Piovesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Henrique Nogueira","family":"Metzker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2041-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Pavan","family":"Korf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6408-451X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilo Cesar","family":"Consoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"37393_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.069","volume":"40","author":"S Ahmari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmari S, Zhang L (2013) Utilization of cement kiln dust (CKD) to enhance mine tailings-based geopolymer bricks. Constr Build Mater 40:1002\u20131011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.069","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(90)87006-4","volume":"24","author":"H Akhter","year":"1990","unstructured":"Akhter H, Butler LG, Branz S, Cartledge FK, Tittlebaum ME (1990) Immobilization of As, Cd, Cr and PB-containing soils by using cement or pozzolanic fixing agents. J Hazard Mater 24:145\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-3894(90)87006-4","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-020-01517-w","volume":"39","author":"A Aldaood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aldaood A, Bouasker M, Al-Mukhtar M (2021) Mechanical behavior of gypseous soil treated with lime. Geotech Geol Eng 39:719\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10706-020-01517-w","journal-title":"Geotech Geol Eng"},{"key":"37393_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2013.12.015","volume":"88","author":"A Aldaood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aldaood A, Bouasker M, Al-Mukhtar M (2014a) Geotechnical properties of lime-treated gypseous soils. Appl Clay Sci 88:39\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clay.2013.12.015","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"37393_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.03.002","volume":"174","author":"A Aldaood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aldaood A, Bouasker M, Al-Mukhtar M (2014b) Impact of wetting\u2013drying cycles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of lime-stabilized gypseous soils. Eng Geol 174:11\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.03.002","journal-title":"Eng Geol"},{"key":"37393_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2013.12.003","volume":"99","author":"A Aldaood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aldaood A, Bouasker M, Al-Mukhtar M (2014c) Impact of freeze\u2013thaw cycles on mechanical behaviour of lime stabilized gypseous soils. Cold Reg Sci Technol 99:38\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coldregions.2013.12.003","journal-title":"Cold Reg Sci Technol"},{"key":"37393_CR7","unstructured":"APHA, AWWA, WEF (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"37393_CR8","unstructured":"ABNT NBR 10004 (2004a) Solid waste \u2013 Classification. 1\u201371 (in Portuguese)"},{"key":"37393_CR9","unstructured":"ABNT NBR 10005 (2004b) Procedure for obtaining leached extract from solid waste. 1\u201316 (in Portuguese)"},{"key":"37393_CR10","unstructured":"ABNT NBR 10006 (2004c) Procedure for obtaining solubilized extract from solid waste. 1\u20133 (in Portuguese)"},{"key":"37393_CR11","unstructured":"ASTM D2487 (2017) Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). 1\u201310"},{"key":"37393_CR12","unstructured":"ASTM D2216 (2019) Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass. 1\u20137"},{"key":"37393_CR13","unstructured":"ASTM D2166 (2016) Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil. 1\u20137"},{"key":"37393_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1021\/es052250r","volume":"40","author":"T Astrup","year":"2006","unstructured":"Astrup T, Dijkstra JJ, Comans RNJ, der Van Sloot HA, Christensen TH (2006) Geochemical modeling of leaching from MSWI air-pollution-control residues. Environ Sci Technol 40:3551\u20133557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es052250r","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"37393_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.053","volume":"201","author":"G Barjoveanu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barjoveanu G, De Gisi S, Casale R, Todaro F, Notarnicola M, Teodosiu C (2018) A life cycle assessment study on the stabilization\/solidification treatment processes for contaminated marine sediments. J Clean Prod 201:391\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.053","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"37393_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.12.006","volume":"90","author":"CT Benatti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benatti CT, Tavares CRG, Lenzi E (2009) Sulfate removal from waste chemicals by precipitation. J Environ Manage 90:504\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.12.006","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"37393_CR17","volume-title":"Soft ground improvement in lowland and other environments","author":"DT Bergado","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bergado DT, Anderson LR, Miura N, Balasubramaniam AS (1996) Soft ground improvement in lowland and other environments. ASCE Press, New York"},{"key":"37393_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.161","volume":"152","author":"V Bulatovi\u0107","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bulatovi\u0107 V, Mele\u0161ev M, Radeka M, Radonjanin V, Luki\u0107 I (2017) Evaluation of sulfate resistance of concrete with recycled and natural aggregates. Constr Build Mater 152:614\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.161","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110772","volume":"269","author":"AJ Bull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bull AJ, Fall M (2020) Curing temperature dependency of the release of arsenic from cemented paste backfill made with Portland cement. J Environ Manage 269:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110772","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"37393_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/pc.36116","volume-title":"Portland Cement","author":"G Bye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bye G (2011) Portland Cement. ICE Publishing, London"},{"key":"37393_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.04.292","author":"Y Cai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cai Y, Xiang Y, Zhou M, Wang H, Hou H (2025) Solidification\/stabilization of copper tailings by industrial solid waste based cementing materials: apatite synergy, heavy metal toxicity and performance. Ceram Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.04.292","journal-title":"Ceram Int"},{"key":"37393_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-020-02859-x","volume":"21","author":"L Calgaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calgaro L, Contessi S, Bonetto A, Badetti E, Ferrari G, Artioli G, Marcomini A (2021) Calcium aluminate cement as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement for the remediation of heavy metals contaminated soil: mechanisms and performance. J Soils Sediments 21:1755\u20131768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11368-020-02859-x","journal-title":"J Soils Sediments"},{"key":"37393_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1021\/es00076a012","volume":"24","author":"FK Cartledge","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cartledge FK, Butler LG, Chalasani D, Eaton H, Frei F, Herrera E, Tittlebaum ME, Yang SL (1990) Immobilization mechanisms in solidification\/stabilization of cadmium and lead salts using portland cement fixing agents. Environ Sci Technol 24:867\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es00076a012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"37393_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2013.09.006","volume":"80","author":"B Cetin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cetin B, Aydilek AH (2013) pH and fly ash type effect on trace metal leaching from embankment soils. Resour Conserv Recycl 80:107\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2013.09.006","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"37393_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.01.099","volume":"17","author":"Q Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Q, Luo K, Wang Y, Li X, Zhang Q, Liu Y (2022) In-situ stabilization\/solidification of lead\/zinc mine tailings by cemented paste backfill modified with low-carbon bentonite alternative. J Mater Res Technol 17:1200\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.01.099","journal-title":"J Mater Res Technol"},{"key":"37393_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112608","author":"Q Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Q, Tao Y, Feng Y, Zhang Q, Liu Y (2021) Utilization of modified copper slag activated by Na2SO4 and CaO for unclassified lead\/zinc mine tailings based cemented paste backfill. J Environ Manage. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112608","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"37393_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.01.019","volume":"29","author":"QY Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen QY, Tyrer M, Hills CD, Yang XM, Carey P (2009) Immobilisation of heavy metal in cement-based solidification\/stabilisation: a review. Waste Manag 29:390\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.01.019","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"key":"37393_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117745","volume":"236","author":"W Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen W, Peng R, Straub C, Yuan B (2020) Promoting the performance of one-part alkali-activated slag using fine lead-zinc mine tailings. Constr Build Mater 236:117745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117745","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR29","unstructured":"CONAMA 420 (2009) Provides criteria and guiding values \u200b\u200bfor soil quality regarding the presence of chemical substances and establishes guidelines for the environmental management of areas contaminated by these substances as a result of human activities. 1\u201316 (in Portuguese)"},{"key":"37393_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002699","volume":"31","author":"NC Consoli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Consoli NC, Bittar Marin EJ, Qui\u00f1\u00f3nez Samaniego RA, Scheuermann Filho HC, Miranda T, Cristelo N (2019) Effect of mellowing and coal fly ash addition on behavior of sulfate-rich dispersive clay after lime stabilization. J Mater Civ Eng 31:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002699","journal-title":"J Mater Civ Eng"},{"key":"37393_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000278","volume":"136","author":"NC Consoli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Consoli NC, Cruz RC, Floss MF, Festugato L (2010) Parameters controlling tensile and compressive strength of artificially cemented sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 136:759\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000278","journal-title":"J Geotech Geoenviron Eng"},{"key":"37393_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2007.02.055","volume":"106","author":"M Criado","year":"2007","unstructured":"Criado M, Fern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez A, Palomo A (2007) Alkali activation of fly ash: effect of the SiO2\/Na2O ratio. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 106:180\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micromeso.2007.02.055","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:2(223)","volume":"119","author":"DE Daniel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Daniel DE, Wu Y-K (1993) Compacted clay liners and covers for arid sites. J Geotech Eng 119:223\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:2(223)","journal-title":"J Geotech Eng"},{"key":"37393_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-9541(13)60626-6","volume":"21","author":"L Deng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deng L, Zhang Y, Chen F, Cao S, You S, Liu Y, Zhang Y (2013) Reactive crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate from acidic wastewater and lime. Chin J Chem Eng 21:1303\u20131312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1004-9541(13)60626-6","journal-title":"Chin J Chem Eng"},{"key":"37393_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2013.01.003","volume":"45","author":"P Desogus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Desogus P, Manca PP, Orr\u00f9 G, Zucca A (2013) Stabilization\u2013solidification treatment of mine tailings using Portland cement, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and ferric chloride hexahydrate. Miner Eng 45:47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mineng.2013.01.003","journal-title":"Miner Eng"},{"key":"37393_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecon.2017.06.002","volume":"15","author":"FF Do Carmo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Do Carmo FF, Kamino LHY, Junior RT, De Campos IC, Do Carmo FF, Silvino G, De Castro KJSX, Mauro ML, Rodrigues NUA, Miranda MPS, Pinto CEF (2017) Fund\u00e3o tailings dam failures: the environment tragedy of the largest technological disaster of Brazilian mining in global context. Perspect Ecol Conserv 15:145\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pecon.2017.06.002","journal-title":"Perspect Ecol Conserv"},{"key":"37393_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.04.091","volume":"150","author":"MI Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez MI, Carpena J, Borschnek D, Centeno MA, Odriozola JA, Rose J (2008) Apatite and Portland\/apatite composite cements obtained using a hydrothermal method for retaining heavy metals. J Hazard Mater 150:99\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.04.091","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6701(04)91689-X","volume":"45","author":"I Doye","year":"2004","unstructured":"Doye I (2004) Neutralisation of acid mine drainage with alkaline industrial residues: laboratory investigation using batch-leaching tests. Fuel Energy Abstr 45:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6701(04)91689-X","journal-title":"Fuel Energy Abstr"},{"key":"37393_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2010.10.014","volume":"105","author":"M Erdem","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erdem M, \u00d6zverdi A (2011) Environmental risk assessment and stabilization\/solidification of zinc extraction residue: II. stabilization\/solidification. Hydrometallurgy 105:270\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hydromet.2010.10.014","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"37393_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60258a006","volume":"40","author":"PA Estep","year":"1968","unstructured":"Estep PA, Kovach JJ, Karr C (1968) Quantitative infrared multicomponent determination of minerals occurring in coal. Anal Chem 40:358\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac60258a006","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"37393_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0310-x","volume":"24","author":"J-C Fei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fei J-C, Min X-B, Wang Z-X, Pang Z-H, Liang Y-J, Ke Y (2017) Health and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in an antimony mining region: a case study from South China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:27573\u201327586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-017-0310-x","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"37393_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119287","volume":"348","author":"ST Ferrazzo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferrazzo ST, Tonini de Ara\u00fajo M, Bruschi GJ, Korf EP, Levandoski WMK, Pereira dos Santos C, Consoli NC (2023) Metal encapsulation of waste foundry sand stabilized with alkali-activated binder: batch and column leaching tests. J Environ Manage 348:119287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119287","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"37393_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40703-017-0064-9","volume":"8","author":"AA Firoozi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Firoozi AA, Guney Olgun C, Firoozi AA, Baghini MS (2017) Fundamentals of soil stabilization. Int J Geo-Eng 8:26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40703-017-0064-9","journal-title":"Int J Geo-Eng"},{"key":"37393_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.1975.0230105","volume":"23","author":"WR Fischer","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fischer WR (1975) The formation of hematite from amorphous iron(III)hydroxide. Clays Clay Miner 23:33\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1346\/CCMN.1975.0230105","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner"},{"key":"37393_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.01.003","volume":"39","author":"I Garc\u00eda Lodeiro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Lodeiro I, Macphee DE, Palomo A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez A (2009) Effect of alkalis on fresh C\u2013S\u2013H gels. FTIR analysis. Cem Concr Res 39:147\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.01.003","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"37393_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.04.005","volume":"56","author":"M Garc\u0131\u0301a","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garc\u0131\u0301a M, Chimenos J, Fern\u00e1ndez A, Miralles L, Segarra M, Espiell F (2004) Low-grade MgO used to stabilize heavy metals in highly contaminated soils. Chemosphere 56:481\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.04.005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"37393_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-3449(99)00055-5","volume":"29","author":"R Ghigliazza","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ghigliazza R, Lodi A, Rovatti M (2000) Kinetic and process considerations on biological reduction of soluble and scarcely soluble sulfates. Resour Conserv Recycl 29:181\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0921-3449(99)00055-5","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"37393_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.09.069","volume":"185","author":"I Ghosh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghosh I, Guha S, Balasubramaniam R, Kumar AVR (2011) Leaching of metals from fresh and sintered red mud. J Hazard Mater 185:662\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.09.069","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.03.007","volume":"160","author":"Z Giergiczny","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giergiczny Z, Kr\u00f3l A (2008) Immobilization of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, Cd, Mn) in the mineral additions containing concrete composites. J Hazard Mater 160:247\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.03.007","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(96)00072-4","volume":"16","author":"MLD Gougar","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gougar MLD, Scheetz BE, Roy DM (1996) Ettringite and C-S-H portland cement phases for waste ion immobilization: a review. Waste Manag 16:295\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0956-053X(96)00072-4","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"key":"37393_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.06.006","volume":"145","author":"D Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es D, Le\u00e3o VA (2014) Fundamental aspects related to batch and fixed-bed sulfate sorption by the macroporous type 1 strong base ion exchange resin Purolite A500. J Environ Manage 145:106\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.06.006","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"37393_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40703-018-0074-2","volume":"9","author":"C Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta C, Prasad A (2018) Variables controlling strength of lime stabilized jarosite waste. Int J Geo-Eng 9:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40703-018-0074-2","journal-title":"Int J Geo-Eng"},{"key":"37393_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135497","volume":"384","author":"L Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han L, Xu Z, Shu J, Yu Y, Ning L, Gao S, Xu J, Li C (2023) Mn release behaviors from electrolytic manganese residue-based slow-release fertilizer using acid\/alkali-activated geopolymers as binders: a comparative study. J Clean Prod 384:135497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135497","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"37393_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s003390000599","volume":"72","author":"H Hofmeister","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hofmeister H, Huisken F, Kohn B, Alexandrescu R, Cojocaru S, Crunteanu A, Morjan I, Diamandescu L (2001) Filamentary iron nanostructures from laser-induced pyrolysis of iron pentacarbonyl and ethylene mixtures. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 72:7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003390000599","journal-title":"Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process"},{"key":"37393_CR55","unstructured":"Hossein M (2000) Rule of ettringite formation in the stabilization\/solidification of sulphide-bearing mine waste. Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy) - Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill Universit"},{"key":"37393_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.09.029","volume":"45","author":"P Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu P, Zhang Y, Liu T, Huang J, Yuan Y, Zheng Q (2017) Highly selective separation of vanadium over iron from stone coal by oxalic acid leaching. J Ind Eng Chem 45:241\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.09.029","journal-title":"J Ind Eng Chem"},{"key":"37393_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116836","volume":"326","author":"G Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang G, Rao X, Shao X, Gu Q, Wang Z, Li P, Huang J (2023) Distribution of heavy metals influenced by pumped storage hydropower in abandoned mines: leaching test and modelling simulation. J Environ Manage 326:116836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116836","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"37393_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2017.09.001","volume":"173","author":"T Ineich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ineich T, Degreve C, Karamoutsos S, du Plessis C (2017) Utilization efficiency of lime consumption during magnesium sulfate precipitation. Hydrometallurgy 173:241\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hydromet.2017.09.001","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"37393_CR59","volume-title":"Soil stabilization - principles and practice","author":"OG Ingles","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ingles OG, Metcalf JB (1973) Soil stabilization - principles and practice. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York"},{"key":"37393_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2008.11.007","volume":"258","author":"J Ji","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ji J, Ge Y, Balsam W, Damuth JE, Chen J (2009) Rapid identification of dolomite using a Fourier Transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR): a fast method for identifying Heinrich events in IODP Site U1308. Mar Geol 258:60\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.margeo.2008.11.007","journal-title":"Mar Geol"},{"key":"37393_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120136","volume":"263","author":"A Jose","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jose A, Nivitha MR, Krishnan JM, Robinson RG (2020) Characterization of cement stabilized pond ash using FTIR spectroscopy. Constr Build Mater 263:120136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120136","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.059","volume":"101","author":"AMA Kamel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamel AMA, Marie HAH, Mahmoud HA, Ali MF (2015) Mineralogical characterization of Islamic stucco: minaret of Shams El-Deen El-Wasty, Bulaq, Egypt. Constr Build Mater 101:692\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.059","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.140101","volume":"463","author":"B Khamseh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khamseh B, Shourijeh PT, Binesh SM (2025) Strength and deformation characteristics of cement-stabilized Fe-rich fine iron ore tailings. Constr Build Mater 463:140101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.140101","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.105852","volume":"124","author":"HA Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan HA, Castel A, Khan MSH, Mahmood AH (2019) Durability of calcium aluminate and sulphate resistant Portland cement based mortars in aggressive sewer environment and sulphuric acid. Cem Concr Res 124:105852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.105852","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"37393_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2019.03.003","volume":"201","author":"K Khoeurn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khoeurn K, Sakaguchi A, Tomiyama S, Igarashi T (2019) Long-term acid generation and heavy metal leaching from the tailings of Shimokawa mine, Hokkaido, Japan: column study under natural condition. J Geochem Explor 201:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2019.03.003","journal-title":"J Geochem Explor"},{"key":"37393_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2016.02.027","volume":"1126","author":"M Kr\u00f3l","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3l M, Minkiewicz J, Mozgawa W (2016) IR spectroscopy studies of zeolites in geopolymeric materials derived from kaolinite. J Mol Struct 1126:200\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molstruc.2016.02.027","journal-title":"J Mol Struct"},{"key":"37393_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(79)90502-3","volume":"16","author":"RS Ladd","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ladd RS (1979) Preparing test specimens using undercompaction. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 16:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0148-9062(79)90502-3","journal-title":"Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr"},{"key":"37393_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25581","DOI":"10.1029\/97JE02046","volume":"102","author":"MD Lane","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lane MD, Christensen PR (1997) Thermal infrared emission spectroscopy of anhydrous carbonates. J Geophys Res Planets 102:25581\u201325592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97JE02046","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Planets"},{"key":"37393_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.147","volume":"610","author":"Y Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin Y, Ma J, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Hou H, Zhao L, Sun Z, Xue W, Shi H (2018) Linkage between human population and trace elements in soils of the Pearl River Delta: implications for source identification and risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 610:944\u2013950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.147","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"37393_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15804","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8921-9","volume":"24","author":"B Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu B, Peng T, Sun H (2017) Leaching behavior of U, Mn, Sr, and Pb from different particle-size fractions of uranium mill tailings. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:15804\u201315815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-017-8921-9","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"37393_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2020.1845817","volume":"43","author":"Z Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo Z, Tang C, Hao Y, Wang Z, Yang G, Wang Y, Mu Y (2022) Solidification\/stabilization of heavy metals and its efficiency in lead\u2013zinc tailings using different chemical agents. Environ Technol 43:1613\u20131623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593330.2020.1845817","journal-title":"Environ Technol"},{"key":"37393_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e03934","volume":"21","author":"J Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma J, Wang Q, Jiao H, Li Z, Li G, Xu P, Zou S, Yang L, Liu X (2024) Solidification\/stabilization and leaching behavior of heavy metals in low-binder cemented tailings backfill. Case Stud Constr Mater 21:e03934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e03934","journal-title":"Case Stud Constr Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1007\/s40098-023-00711-w","volume":"53","author":"M Mafessoli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mafessoli M, Marques SFV, Scheuermann Filho HC, Consoli NC (2023) Response of artificially cemented iron ore tailings for dry stacking disposal over a wide range of stresses. Indian Geotech J 53:904\u2013915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40098-023-00711-w","journal-title":"Indian Geotech J"},{"key":"37393_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.018","volume":"95","author":"M Mahedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahedi M, Cetin B, Dayioglu AY (2019) Leaching behavior of aluminum, copper, iron and zinc from cement activated fly ash and slag stabilized soils. Waste Manag 95:334\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.018","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"key":"37393_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.01.056","volume":"137","author":"R Malviya","year":"2006","unstructured":"Malviya R, Chaudhary R (2006) Leaching behavior and immobilization of heavy metals in solidified\/stabilized products. J Hazard Mater 137:207\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.01.056","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(98)00060-6","volume":"33","author":"R McGregor","year":"1998","unstructured":"McGregor R, Blowes D, Jambor J, Robertson W (1998) The solid-phase controls on the mobility of heavy metals at the Copper Cliff tailings area, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. J Contam Hydrol 33:247\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0169-7722(98)00060-6","journal-title":"J Contam Hydrol"},{"key":"37393_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2016.10.007","volume":"125","author":"ML Mechri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mechri ML, Chihi S, Mahdadi N, Beddiaf S (2017) Diagnosis of the heating effect on the electrical resistivity of Ouargla (Algeria) dunes sand using XRD patterns and FTIR spectra. J African Earth Sci 125:18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2016.10.007","journal-title":"J African Earth Sci"},{"key":"37393_CR78","unstructured":"Mindess S, Young JF, Darwin D (2003) Concrete. 657"},{"key":"37393_CR79","unstructured":"Mitchell JK (1981) Soil improvement \u2014 state-of-the-art report. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. pp 509\u2013565"},{"key":"37393_CR80","volume-title":"Fundamentals of soil behavior","author":"JK Mitchell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mitchell JK, Soga K (2005) Fundamentals of soil behavior. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, US"},{"key":"37393_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.03.094","volume":"185","author":"S Moukannaa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moukannaa S, Loutou M, Benzaazoua M, Vitola L, Alami J, Rakkou R (2018) Recycling of phosphate mine tailings for the production of geopolymers. J Clean Prod 185:891\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.03.094","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"37393_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-6875(99)00126-0","volume":"12","author":"V Mymrin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mymrin V, Vazquez Vaamonde A (1999) New construction materials from Spanish jarosite processing wastes. Miner Eng 12:1399\u20131402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0892-6875(99)00126-0","journal-title":"Miner Eng"},{"key":"37393_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.08.095","volume":"227","author":"E Nariyan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nariyan E, Wolkersdorfer C, Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 M (2018) Sulfate removal from acid mine water from the deepest active European mine by precipitation and various electrocoagulation configurations. J Environ Manage 227:162\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.08.095","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"37393_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1139\/s06-060","volume":"6","author":"M Nehdi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nehdi M, Tariq A (2007) Stabilization of sulphidic mine tailings for prevention of metal release and acid drainage using cementitious materials: a review. J Environ Eng Sci 6:423\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/s06-060","journal-title":"J Environ Eng Sci"},{"key":"37393_CR85","volume-title":"Soil improvement and ground modification methods","author":"PG Nicholson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nicholson PG (2015) Soil improvement and ground modification methods. Butterworth-Heinemann, Waltham, MA"},{"key":"37393_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s10230-012-0210-8","volume":"32","author":"MA Othmani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Othmani MA, Souissi F, Benzaazoua M, Bouzahzah H, Bussiere B, Mansouri A (2013) The geochemical behaviour of mine tailings from the Touiref Pb\u2013Zn district in Tunisia in weathering cells leaching tests. Mine Water Environ 32:28\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10230-012-0210-8","journal-title":"Mine Water Environ"},{"key":"37393_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000751","volume":"139","author":"E \u00d6zk\u00f6k","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u00d6zk\u00f6k E, Davis AP, Aydilek AH (2013) Leaching of As, Cr, and Cu from high-carbon fly ash\u2013soil mixtures. J Environ Eng 139:1397\u20131408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000751","journal-title":"J Environ Eng"},{"key":"37393_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9781782422884.1","volume-title":"Handbook of Alkali-activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes","author":"F Pacheco-Torgal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pacheco-Torgal F, Labrincha JA, Leonelli C, Palomo A, Chindaprasirt P (2015) Handbook of Alkali-activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes. Woodhead, Cambridge"},{"key":"37393_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00272-0","volume":"30","author":"C-K Park","year":"2000","unstructured":"Park C-K (2000) Hydration and solidification of hazardous wastes containing heavy metals using modified cementitious materials. Cem Concr Res 30:429\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00272-0","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"37393_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151632","volume":"816","author":"J Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng J, Zhang S, Han Y, Bate B, Ke H, Chen Y (2022) Soil heavy metal pollution of industrial legacies in China and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 816:151632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151632","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"37393_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40098-024-00886-w","author":"C Pereira dos Santos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pereira dos Santos C, Bruschi GJ, Tonatto Ferrazzo S, Kubiaki Levandoski WM, Pavan Korf E, Consoli NC (2024) Leaching behavior of alkali-activated gold tailings over wetting\u2013drying cycles. Indian Geotech J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40098-024-00886-w","journal-title":"Indian Geotech J"},{"key":"37393_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2022.106657","volume":"303","author":"L Piciullo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Piciullo L, Storr\u00f8sten EB, Liu Z, Nadim F, Lacasse S (2022) A new look at the statistics of tailings dam failures. Eng Geol 303:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enggeo.2022.106657","journal-title":"Eng Geol"},{"key":"37393_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3141\/1652-28","volume":"1652","author":"JR Prusinski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prusinski JR, Bhattacharja S (1999) Effectiveness of Portland cement and lime in stabilizing clay soils. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 1652:215\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3141\/1652-28","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board"},{"key":"37393_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831-019-00247-5","volume":"6","author":"S Rai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rai S, Bahadure S, Chaddha MJ, Agnihotri A (2020) Disposal practices and utilization of red mud (bauxite residue): a review in Indian context and abroad. J Sustain Metall 6:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40831-019-00247-5","journal-title":"J Sustain Metall"},{"key":"37393_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(02)00372-7","volume":"58","author":"F Reig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reig F (2002) FTIR quantitative analysis of calcium carbonate (calcite) and silica (quartz) mixtures using the constant ratio method. Application to geological samples. Talanta 58:811\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0039-9140(02)00372-7","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"37393_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28927\/SR.2026.009424","volume":"49","author":"L Ribeiro","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ribeiro L, Rios S, Arroyo M, M\u00e1nica M (2026) A parametric study on the stability of tailings storage facilities with cemented berms. Soils Rocks 49:e2026009424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28927\/SR.2026.009424","journal-title":"Soils Rocks"},{"key":"37393_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3141\/1721-02","volume":"1721","author":"CDF Rogers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rogers CDF, Glendinning S (2000) Lime requirement for stabilization. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 1721:9\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3141\/1721-02","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board"},{"key":"37393_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2006.07.017","volume":"22","author":"FM Romero","year":"2007","unstructured":"Romero FM, Armienta MA, Gonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez G (2007) Solid-phase control on the mobility of potentially toxic elements in an abandoned lead\/zinc mine tailings impoundment, Taxco, Mexico. Appl Geochem 22:109\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2006.07.017","journal-title":"Appl Geochem"},{"key":"37393_CR99","volume-title":"Nanotechnology in industrial wastewater treatment","author":"A Roy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roy A, Bhattacharya J (2015) Nanotechnology in industrial wastewater treatment. IWA Publishing, London"},{"key":"37393_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129973","volume":"364","author":"A Saedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saedi A, Jamshidi-Zanjani A, Mohseni M, Khodadadi Darban A, Nejati H (2023) Mechanical activation of lead\u2013zinc mine tailings as a substitution for cement in concrete construction. Constr Build Mater 364:129973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129973","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.056","volume":"52","author":"IF S\u00e1ez del Bosque","year":"2014","unstructured":"S\u00e1ez del Bosque IF, Mart\u00ednez-Ram\u00edrez S, Blanco-Varela MT (2014) FTIR study of the effect of temperature and nanosilica on the nano structure of C-S\u2013H gel formed by hydrating tricalcium silicate. Constr Build Mater 52:314\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.056","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"37393_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4555(199809)29:9<851::AID-JRS313>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"29","author":"LP Sarma","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sarma LP, Prasad PSR, Ravikumar N (1998) Raman spectroscopic study of phase transitions in natural gypsum. J Raman Spectrosc 29:851\u2013856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4555(199809)29:9<851::AID-JRS313>3.0.CO;2-S","journal-title":"J Raman Spectrosc"},{"key":"37393_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2004.07.003","volume":"75","author":"S Seewoo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seewoo S, Van Hille R, Lewis A (2004) Aspects of gypsum precipitation in scaling waters. Hydrometallurgy 75:135\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hydromet.2004.07.003","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"37393_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7504","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-6014-1","volume":"23","author":"M Sethurajan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sethurajan M, Huguenot D, Lens PNL, Horn HA, Figueiredo LHA, Van Hullebusch ED (2016) Fractionation and leachability of heavy metals from aged and recent Zn metallurgical leach residues from the Tr\u00eas Marias zinc plant (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:7504\u20137516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-015-6014-1","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"37393_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50096a022","volume":"7","author":"RT Sheen","year":"1935","unstructured":"Sheen RT, Kahler HL, Ross EM, Betz HA, Betz LD (1935) Turbidimetric determination of sulfate in water. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed 7:262\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac50096a022","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed"},{"key":"37393_CR106","unstructured":"Shnorhokian S (1996) Immobilization of heavy metals in lime-fly ash cementitious binders. Thesis (Master of Science) - Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University"},{"key":"37393_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.1988.0360105","volume":"36","author":"PS Sidhu","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sidhu PS (1988) Transformation of trace element-substituted maghemite to hematite. Clays Clay Miner 36:31\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1346\/CCMN.1988.0360105","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner"},{"key":"37393_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(01)00297-7","volume":"37","author":"A Silva","year":"2002","unstructured":"Silva A, Varesche M, Foresti E, Zaiat M (2002) Sulphate removal from industrial wastewater using a packed-bed anaerobic reactor. Process Biochem 37:927\u2013935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0032-9592(01)00297-7","journal-title":"Process Biochem"},{"key":"37393_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2020.102119","volume":"90","author":"LH Silva Rotta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva Rotta LH, Alc\u00e2ntara E, Park E, Negri RG, Lin YN, Bernardo N, Mendes TSG, Souza Filho CR (2020) The 2019 brumadinho tailings dam collapse: possible cause and impacts of the worst human and environmental disaster in Brazil. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 90:102119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jag.2020.102119","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf"},{"key":"37393_CR110","volume-title":"Chemistry and microstructure of solidified waste forms","author":"RD Spence","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spence RD (1993) Chemistry and microstructure of solidified waste forms. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton"},{"key":"37393_CR111","volume-title":"Stabilization and solidification of hazardous, radioactive, and mixed wastes","author":"RD Spence","year":"2005","unstructured":"Spence RD, Shi C (2005) Stabilization and solidification of hazardous, radioactive, and mixed wastes. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"37393_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2008.11.002","volume":"924","author":"P Taddei","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taddei P, Tinti A, Gandolfi MG, Rossi PL, Prati C (2009) Vibrational study on the bioactivity of Portland cement-based materials for endodontic use. J Mol Struct 924:548\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molstruc.2008.11.002","journal-title":"J Mol Struct"},{"key":"37393_CR113","volume-title":"Cement chemistry","author":"HFW Taylor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Taylor HFW (1997) Cement chemistry. Thomas Telford Publishing, London"},{"key":"37393_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135914","volume":"705","author":"F Thompson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thompson F, de Oliveira BC, Cordeiro MC, Masi BP, Rangel TP, Paz P, Freitas T, Lopes G, Silva BS, Cabral AS, Soares M, Lacerda D, Dos Santos Vergilio C, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C, Thompson C, De Rezende CE (2020) Severe impacts of the Brumadinho dam failure (Minas Gerais, Brazil) on the water quality of the Paraopeba River. Sci Total Environ 705:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135914","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"37393_CR115","unstructured":"Transportation Research Board (1987) State of the Art Report 5: lime stabilization \u2013 reactions properties, design and construction. State-of-the-Art Rep. No. 5 64"},{"key":"37393_CR116","unstructured":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1994) Soil Stabilization for Pavements. 1\u20139"},{"key":"37393_CR117","unstructured":"USEPA (2009) National Primary Drinking Water Guidelines. 1\u20137"},{"key":"37393_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.1990.0380308","volume":"38","author":"RK Vempati","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vempati RK (1990) Infrared vibrations of hematite formed from aqueous- and dry-thermal incubation of Si-containing ferrihydrite. Clays Clay Miner 38:294\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1346\/CCMN.1990.0380308","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner"},{"key":"37393_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viana da Fonseca A, Caetano I, Meneses B, Rios S (2024) Tailing storage facilities with cemented berms for sustainable production of raw materials. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geotechnics for Sustainable Infrastructure Development - GEOTEC HANOI 2023. ISSMGE, Hanoi, Vietnam, pp 1099\u20131111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-9722-0_72"},{"key":"37393_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.08.002","volume":"79","author":"A Vollpracht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vollpracht A, Brameshuber W (2016) Binding and leaching of trace elements in Portland cement pastes. Cem Concr Res 79:76\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.08.002","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"37393_CR121","unstructured":"VROM (2000) Dutch Target and Intervention Values. 1\u201351"},{"key":"37393_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.09.040","volume":"8","author":"Q Wan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wan Q, Rao F, Song S, Zhang Y (2019) Immobilization forms of ZnO in the solidification\/stabilization (S\/S) of a zinc mine tailing through geopolymerization. J Mater Res Technol 8:5728\u20135735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.09.040","journal-title":"J Mater Res Technol"},{"key":"37393_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104645","volume":"154","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang D, Wang Q, Xue J (2020) Reuse of hazardous electrolytic manganese residue: detailed leaching characterization and novel application as a cementitious material. Resour Conserv Recycl 154:104645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104645","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"37393_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.169877","volume":"914","author":"F Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang F, Li W, Wang H, Hu Y, Cheng H (2024) The leaching behavior of heavy metal from contaminated mining soil: the effect of rainfall conditions and the impact on surrounding agricultural lands. Sci Total Environ 914:169877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.169877","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"37393_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165049","volume":"894","author":"F Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F, Long G, Zhou JL (2023) Deep insight into green remediation and hazard-free disposal of electrolytic manganese residue-based cementitious material. Sci Total Environ 894:165049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165049","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"37393_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114473","volume":"306","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang H, Ju C, Zhou M, Chen J, Dong Y, Hou H (2022) Sustainable and efficient stabilization\/solidification of Pb, Cr, and Cd in lead-zinc tailings by using highly reactive pozzolanic solid waste. J Environ Manage 306:114473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114473","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"37393_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.056","volume":"230","author":"S Yaseri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yaseri S, Masoomi Verki V, Mahdikhani M (2019) Utilization of high volume cement kiln dust and rice husk ash in the production of sustainable geopolymer. J Clean Prod 230:592\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.056","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"37393_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.07.124","volume":"185","author":"M Ye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ye M, Li G, Yan P, Ren J, Zheng L, Han D, Sun S, Huang S, Zhong Y (2017) Removal of metals from lead-zinc mine tailings using bioleaching and followed by sulfide precipitation. Chemosphere 185:1189\u20131196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.07.124","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"37393_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(93)90031-4","volume":"23","author":"M Yousuf","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yousuf M, Mollah A, Hess TR, Tsai Y-N, Cocke DL (1993) An FTIR and XPS investigations of the effects of carbonation on the solidification\/stabilization of cement based systems-Portland type V with zinc. Cem Concr Res 23:773\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0008-8846(93)90031-4","journal-title":"Cem Concr Res"},{"key":"37393_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01826.x","volume":"82","author":"P Yu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yu P, Kirkpatrick RJ, Poe B, McMillan PF, Cong X (1999) Structure of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H): near-, mid-, and far-infrared spectroscopy. J Am Ceram Soc 82:742\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01826.x","journal-title":"J Am Ceram Soc"},{"key":"37393_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.07.011","volume":"303","author":"MI Zaki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zaki MI, Kn\u00f6zinger H, Tesche B, Mekhemer GAH (2006) Influence of phosphonation and phosphation on surface acid\u2013base and morphological properties of CaO as investigated by in situ FTIR spectroscopy and electron microscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 303:9\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.07.011","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"37393_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128926","author":"W Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zhao L, Yuan Z, Li D, Morrison L (2021) Assessment of the long-term leaching characteristics of cement-slag stabilized\/solidified contaminated sediment. Chemosphere. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128926","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"37393_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26765","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA18948A","volume":"6","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Jing Z, Kameda T, Yoshioka T (2016) Hydrothermal synthesis of hardened diatomite-based adsorbents with analcime formation for methylene blue adsorption. RSC Adv 6:26765\u201326774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C5RA18948A","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"37393_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7278014","volume":"2018","author":"J Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng J, Guo L, Sun X, Li W, Jia Q (2018) Study on the strength development of cemented backfill body from lead-zinc mine tailings with sulphide. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2018:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7278014","journal-title":"Adv Mater Sci Eng"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37393-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37393-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37393-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T06:45:30Z","timestamp":1770878730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37393-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["37393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37393-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}