{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:16:07Z","timestamp":1790169367910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37401-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T04:37:49Z","timestamp":1769229469000},"page":"1695-1712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Artificial neural network model development of blended biodiesel"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sanika R.","family":"Raut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sashwat Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supriyo Kumar","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1533-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debashis","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"37401_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2019.03.001","volume":"28","author":"KA Abed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abed KA, Gad MS, El Morsi AK, Sayed MM, Elyazeed SA (2019) Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Egypt J Pet 28:183\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpe.2019.03.001","journal-title":"Egypt J Pet"},{"key":"37401_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117521","volume":"270","author":"\u00dc A\u011fbulut","year":"2020","unstructured":"A\u011fbulut \u00dc, Karag\u00f6z M, Sar\u0131demir S, \u00d6zt\u00fcrk A (2020) Impact of various metal-oxide based nanoparticles and biodiesel blends on the combustion, performance, emission, vibration and noise characteristics of a CI engine. Fuel 270:117521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117521","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"18","key":"37401_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15186854","volume":"15","author":"A Aljaafari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aljaafari A, Fattah IMR, Jahirul MI, Gu Y, Mahlia TMI, Islam MA, Islam MS (2022) Biodiesel emissions: a state-of-the-art review on health and environmental impacts. Energies 15(18):6854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15186854","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"37401_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117513","volume":"270","author":"M Anwar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anwar M, Rasul MG, Ashwath N (2020) A pragmatic and critical analysis of engine emissions for biodiesel blended fuels. Fuel 270:117513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117513","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1080\/00986445.2018.1555533","volume":"206","author":"PF Arce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arce PF, Guimar\u00e3es DHP, de Aguirre LR (2019) Experimental data and prediction of the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel. Chem Eng Commun 206:1273\u20131285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00986445.2018.1555533","journal-title":"Chem Eng Commun"},{"key":"37401_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97092-2","volume":"15","author":"MS Aswathanrayan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aswathanrayan MS, Santhosh N, Venkataramana HSH, Kumar KS, Kamangar S, Arabi AIA, Algburi S, Al-sareji OJ, Bhowmik A (2025) Prediction of performance and emission features of diesel engine using alumina nanoparticles with neem oil biodiesel based on advanced ML algorithms. Sci Rep 15:12683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-97092-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"37401_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2018.1549166","volume":"41","author":"KN Balan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balan KN, U. Y, P. BD, T. A, H. N, Devarajan Y (2019) Investigation on emission characteristics of alcohol biodiesel blended diesel engine. Energy Sources Part A 41:1879\u20131889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15567036.2018.1549166","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A"},{"key":"37401_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s40090-017-0122-3","volume":"8","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Banerjee A, Varshney D, Kumar S, Chaudhary P, Gupta VK (2017) Biodiesel production from castor oil: ANN modeling and kinetic parameter estimation. Int J Ind Chem 8:253\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40090-017-0122-3","journal-title":"Int J Ind Chem"},{"key":"37401_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.163","volume":"55","author":"MMK Bhuiya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhuiya MMK, Rasul MG, Khan MMK, Ashwath N, Azad AK (2016) Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel\u2014part: 1 selection of feedstocks, oil extraction techniques and conversion technologies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 55:1109\u20131128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.163","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"37401_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123473","volume":"247","author":"\u00d6 Can","year":"2022","unstructured":"Can \u00d6, Baklacioglu T, \u00d6zturk E, Turan O (2022) Artificial neural networks modeling of combustion parameters for a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel fuel. Energy 247:123473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123473","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-010-0504-3","volume":"20","author":"AR Carvalho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carvalho AR, Ramos FM, Chaves AA (2011) Metaheuristics for the feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) architecture optimization problem. Neural Comput Appl 20:1273\u20131284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-010-0504-3","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"37401_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.01.074","volume":"161","author":"S Chandra Sekhar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chandra Sekhar S, Karuppasamy K, Vedaraman N, Kabeel AE, Sathyamurthy R, Elkelawy M, Alm ElDin Bastawissi H (2018) Biodiesel production process optimization from Pithecellobium dulce seed oil: performance, combustion, and emission analysis on compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel\/biodiesel blends. Energy Convers Manage 161:141\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.01.074","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"37401_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.03.015","volume":"46","author":"V Chandrasekaran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chandrasekaran V, Arthanarisamy M, Nachiappan P, Dhanakotti S, Moorthy B (2016) The role of nano additives for biodiesel and diesel blended transportation fuels. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 46:145\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trd.2016.03.015","journal-title":"Transp Res Part D Transp Environ"},{"key":"37401_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.07.021","volume":"43","author":"CS Cheung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheung CS, Zhu L, Huang Z (2009) Regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and biodiesel blended with methanol. Atmos Environ 43:4865\u20134872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.07.021","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"37401_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2009.08.034","volume":"35","author":"MK Deh Kiani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deh Kiani MK, Ghobadian B, Tavakoli T, Nikbakht AM, Najafi G (2010) Application of artificial neural networks for the prediction of performance and exhaust emissions in SI engine using ethanol- gasoline blends. Energy 35:65\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2009.08.034","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.132161","volume":"371","author":"AT Doppalapudi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Doppalapudi AT, Azad AK, Khan MMK (2024) Experimental investigation on diesel engine performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics with Tucuma and Ungurahui biodiesel blends. Fuel 371:132161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.132161","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2021.101265","volume":"46","author":"F Fangfang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fangfang F, Alagumalai A, Mahian O (2021) Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: ANN modeling and environmental factor assessment. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 46:101265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seta.2021.101265","journal-title":"Sustain Energy Technol Assess"},{"key":"37401_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2008.03.018","volume":"86","author":"M Fast","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fast M, Assadi M, De S (2009) Development and multi-utility of an ANN model for an industrial gas turbine. Appl Energy 86:9\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2008.03.018","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71675-x","volume":"14","author":"MS Gad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gad MS, Fawaz HE (2024) Artificial neural network based forecasting of diesel engine performance and emissions utilizing waste cooking biodiesel. Sci Rep 14:21980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-71675-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"37401_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11708-015-0383-5","volume":"9","author":"SO Giwa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giwa SO, Adekomaya SO, Adama KO, Mukaila MO (2015) Prediction of selected biodiesel fuel properties using artificial neural network. Front Energy 9:433\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11708-015-0383-5","journal-title":"Front Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17711","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c01957","volume":"35","author":"S Hao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hao S, Han X, Liu H, Jia M (2021) Prediction and sensitivity analysis of the cetane number of different biodiesel fuels using an artificial neural network. Energy Fuels 35:17711\u201317720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c01957","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"37401_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.045","volume":"74","author":"MM Hasan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasan MM, Rahman MM (2017) Performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel\u2013diesel blend and environmental and economic impacts of biodiesel production: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 74:938\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.045","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"37401_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.123706","volume":"318","author":"Y Heng Teoh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heng Teoh Y, Geok How H, Wen Lee S, Lin Loo D, Danh Le T, Tho Nguyen H, Sher F (2022) Optimization of engine out responses with different biodiesel fuel blends for energy transition. Fuel 318:123706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.123706","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.10.102","volume":"213","author":"HG How","year":"2018","unstructured":"How HG, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Teoh YH (2018) Influence of injection timing and split injection strategies on performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blended fuels. Fuel 213:106\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.10.102","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2010.09.028","volume":"92","author":"C Ilk\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ilk\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 C, Ayd\u0131n S, Behcet R, Aydin H (2011) Biodiesel from safflower oil and its application in a diesel engine. Fuel Process Technol 92:356\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuproc.2010.09.028","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"37401_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.01.077","volume":"138","author":"HK Imdadul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Imdadul HK, Rashed MM, Shahin MM, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Kamruzzaman M, Rashedul HK (2017) Quality improvement of biodiesel blends using different promising fuel additives to reduce fuel consumption and NO emission from CI engine. Energy Convers Manage 138:327\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.01.077","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"37401_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8997","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2019.1679290","volume":"45","author":"K Kalaimurugan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalaimurugan K, S. K, M. P, G. M, Dharmaprabhakaran T (2023) Experimental studies on the influence of copper oxide nanoparticle on biodiesel-diesel fuel blend in CI engine. Energy Sources Part A 45:8997\u20139012","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A"},{"key":"37401_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.08.054","volume":"47","author":"B Kanimozhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kanimozhi B, kumar G, Alsehli M, Elfasakhany A, Veeman D, Balaji S, thiran T, Praveen Kumar TR, Sekar M (2022) Effects of oxyhydrogen on the CI engine fueled with the biodiesel blends: a performance, combustion and emission characteristics study. Int J Hydrogen Energy 47:37668\u201337676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.08.054","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.122621","volume":"311","author":"B Karpanai Selvan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karpanai Selvan B, Das S, Chandrasekar M, Girija R, John Vennison S, Jaya N, Saravanan P, Rajasimman M, Vasseghian Y, Rajamohan N (2022) Utilization of biodiesel blended fuel in a diesel engine \u2013 combustion engine performance and emission characteristics study. Fuel 311:122621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.122621","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"2","key":"37401_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en18020438","volume":"18","author":"R Khujamberdiev","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khujamberdiev R, Cho HM (2025) Artificial intelligence in automotives: ANNs\u2019 impact on biodiesel engine performance and emissions. Energies 18(2):438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en18020438","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"37401_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.105570","volume":"118","author":"Y-S Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim Y-S, Kim MK, Fu N, Liu J, Wang J, Srebric J (2025) Investigating the impact of data normalization methods on predicting electricity consumption in a building using different artificial neural network models. Sustain Cities Soc 118:105570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2024.105570","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"37401_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knothe G (2016): Chapter 2 - Biodiesel and Its Properties. In: McKeon TA, Hayes DG, Hildebrand DF , Weselake RJ (Editors), Industrial Oil Crops. AOCS Press, pp. 15\u201342","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-893997-98-1.00002-6"},{"key":"37401_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.06.034","volume":"89","author":"M Kousoulidou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kousoulidou M, Fontaras G, Ntziachristos L, Samaras Z (2010) Biodiesel blend effects on common-rail diesel combustion and emissions. Fuel 89:3442\u20133449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.06.034","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.12.1065","volume":"14","author":"AM Liaquat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liaquat AM, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Varman M, Hazrat MA, Shahabuddin M, Mofijur M (2012) Application of blend fuels in a diesel engine. Energy Proc 14:1124\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.12.1065","journal-title":"Energy Proc"},{"key":"37401_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.03.163","volume":"56","author":"AM Liaquat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liaquat AM, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Fattah IMR, Hazrat MA, Varman M, Mofijur M, Shahabuddin M (2013a) Effect of coconut biodiesel blended fuels on engine performance and emission characteristics. Procedia Eng 56:583\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.03.163","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"37401_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.06.036","volume":"111","author":"AM Liaquat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liaquat AM, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Fazal MA, Khan AF, Fayaz H, Varman M (2013b) Impact of palm biodiesel blend on injector deposit formation. Appl Energy 111:882\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.06.036","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.11.285","volume":"120","author":"S Mammadli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mammadli S (2017) Financial time series prediction using artificial neural network based on Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Procedia Comput Sci 120:602\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2017.11.285","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"37401_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2009.11.009","volume":"23","author":"RJ May","year":"2010","unstructured":"May RJ, Maier HR, Dandy GC (2010) Data splitting for artificial neural networks using som-based stratified sampling. Neural Netw 23:283\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neunet.2009.11.009","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"37401_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mishra VKaG, Rachna (2018) A review of production, properties and advantages of biodiesel. Biofuels 9:273\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17597269.2017.1336350.","DOI":"10.1080\/17597269.2017.1336350"},{"key":"37401_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.02.059","volume":"55","author":"M Mofijur","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mofijur M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Atabani AE (2013) Evaluation of biodiesel blending, engine performance and emissions characteristics of Jatropha curcas methyl ester: Malaysian perspective. Energy 55:879\u2013887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2013.02.059","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.02.073","volume":"82","author":"M Mofijur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mofijur M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Atabani AE, Arbab MI, Cheng SF, Gouk SW (2014) Properties and use of Moringa oleifera biodiesel and diesel fuel blends in a multi-cylinder diesel engine. Energy Convers Manage 82:169\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.02.073","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"37401_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecmx.2023.100515","volume":"21","author":"M Mofijur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mofijur M, Ahmed SF, Ahmed B, Mehnaz T, Mehejabin F, Shome S, Almomani F, Chowdhury AA, Kalam MA, Badruddin IA, Kamangar S (2024) Impact of nanoparticle-based fuel additives on biodiesel combustion: an analysis of fuel properties, engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics. Energy Conversion and Management: X 21:100515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecmx.2023.100515","journal-title":"Energy Conversion and Management: X"},{"key":"37401_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.09.027","volume":"88","author":"R Mohsin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohsin R, Majid ZA, Shihnan AH, Nasri NS, Sharer Z (2014) Effect of biodiesel blends on engine performance and exhaust emission for diesel dual fuel engine. Energy Convers Manage 88:821\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.09.027","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"37401_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118434","volume":"279","author":"MA Mujtaba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mujtaba MA, Kalam MA, Masjuki HH, Gul M, Soudagar MEM, Ong HC, Ahmed W, Atabani AE, Razzaq L, Yusoff M (2020) Comparative study of nanoparticles and alcoholic fuel additives-biodiesel-diesel blend for performance and emission improvements. Fuel 279:118434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118434","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.03.147","volume":"225","author":"MM Musthafa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Musthafa MM, Kumar TA, Mohanraj T, Chandramouli R (2018) A comparative study on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel blends with and without an additive. Fuel 225:343\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.03.147","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.131806","volume":"370","author":"S Patnaik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Patnaik S, Khatri N, Rene ER (2024) Artificial neural networks-based performance and emission characteristics prediction of compression ignition engines powered by blends of biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil. Fuel 370:131806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.131806","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2005.04.010","volume":"25","author":"AP Plumb","year":"2005","unstructured":"Plumb AP, Rowe RC, York P, Brown M (2005) Optimisation of the predictive ability of artificial neural network (ANN) models: a comparison of three ANN programs and four classes of training algorithm. Eur J Pharm Sci 25:395\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejps.2005.04.010","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"37401_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26519","volume":"10","author":"G Pullagura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pullagura G, Bikkavolu JR, Vadapalli S, Siva Prasad VV, Rao Chebattina KR, Barik D, Dennison MS (2024) Performance, combustion and emission reduction characteristics of metal-based silicon dioxide nanoparticle additives included in ternary fuel (diesel-SMME-iso butanol) on diesel engine. Heliyon 10:e26519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e26519","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"37401_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2019.1617001","volume":"16","author":"S Rathinam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rathinam S, N. BK, Ganesan S, B. SJ, Devarajan Y (2019) Emission study of a diesel engine fueled with higher alcohol-biodiesel blended fuels. Int J Green Energy 16:667\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15435075.2019.1617001","journal-title":"Int J Green Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.01.024","volume":"147","author":"CI Rocabruno-Vald\u00e9s","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rocabruno-Vald\u00e9s CI, Ram\u00edrez-Verduzco LF, Hern\u00e1ndez JA (2015) Artificial neural network models to predict density, dynamic viscosity, and cetane number of biodiesel. Fuel 147:9\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.01.024","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116760","volume":"264","author":"CG Saravanan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saravanan CG, Raj Kiran K, Vikneswaran M, Rajakrishnamoorthy P, Yadav SPR (2020) Impact of fuel injection pressure on the engine characteristics of CRDI engine powered by pine oil biodiesel blend. Fuel 264:116760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116760","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.1501\/commua1-2_0000000026","volume":"50","author":"MH Sazl\u0131","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sazl\u0131 MH (2006) A brief review of feed-forward neural networks. Commun Fac Sci Univ Ank Ser A Math Stat 50:0\u20130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1501\/commua1-2_0000000026","journal-title":"Commun Fac Sci Univ Ank Ser A Math Stat"},{"key":"37401_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.10.090","volume":"148","author":"MR Sera\u00e7","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sera\u00e7 MR, Ayd\u0131n S, Y\u0131lmaz A, \u015eevik S (2020) Evaluation of comparative combustion, performance, and emission of soybean-based alternative biodiesel fuel blends in a CI engine. Renew Energy 148:1065\u20131073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2019.10.090","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2015.02.042","volume":"80","author":"T Shaafi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shaafi T, Velraj R (2015) Influence of alumina nanoparticles, ethanol and isopropanol blend as additive with diesel\u2013soybean biodiesel blend fuel: combustion, engine performance and emissions. Renew Energy 80:655\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2015.02.042","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-018-1467-9","volume":"8","author":"G Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh G, Jeyaseelan C, Bandyopadhyay KK, Paul D (2018) Comparative analysis of biodiesel produced by acidic transesterification of lipid extracted from oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. 3 Biotech 8:434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13205-018-1467-9","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"37401_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.107847","volume":"28","author":"K Subramanian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Subramanian K, Dillikannan D, Vasan AM, Ashwin R (2025) Performance, emission, and neural network analysis of Simmondsia chinensis biodiesel as a sustainable fuel in a compression ignition engine: a multi-objective approach. Results Eng 28:107847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.107847","journal-title":"Results Eng"},{"key":"37401_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecmx.2023.100493","volume":"20","author":"M Tesfaye Lamore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tesfaye Lamore M, Seyoum Zeleke D, Yitayew Kassa B (2023) A comparative study on the effect of nano-additives on performance and emission characteristics of CI engine run on castor biodiesel blended fuel. Energy Convers Manage 20:100493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecmx.2023.100493","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"37401_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.11.025","volume":"130","author":"R Vallinayagam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vallinayagam R, Vedharaj S, Yang WM, Lee PS, Chua KJE, Chou SK (2014) Pine oil\u2013biodiesel blends: a double biofuel strategy to completely eliminate the use of diesel in a diesel engine. Appl Energy 130:466\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.11.025","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2021.101131","volume":"91","author":"I Vats","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vats I, Singhal D, Tripathy S, Jena SK (2022) The transition from BS4 to BS6 compliant vehicles for eco-friendly mobility in India: an empirical study on switching intention. Res Transp Econ 91:101131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.retrec.2021.101131","journal-title":"Res Transp Econ"},{"key":"37401_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118682","volume":"245","author":"Q Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu Q, Wang M, Tian L (2020) The market-linkage of the volatility spillover between traditional energy price and carbon price on the realization of carbon value of emission reduction behavior. J Clean Prod 245:118682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118682","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"37401_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.05.059","volume":"181","author":"N Yilmaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yilmaz N, Davis SM (2016) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation in a diesel engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel and biodiesel\/n-butanol blends. Fuel 181:729\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.05.059","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2011.11.062","volume":"46","author":"N Yilmaz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yilmaz N, Sanchez TM (2012) Analysis of operating a diesel engine on biodiesel-ethanol and biodiesel-methanol blends. Energy 46:126\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2011.11.062","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.06.022","volume":"135","author":"N Yilmaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yilmaz N, Vigil FM, Benalil K, Davis SM, Calva A (2014) Effect of biodiesel\u2013butanol fuel blends on emissions and performance characteristics of a diesel engine. Fuel 135:46\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.06.022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37401_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157839","volume":"849","author":"N Yilmaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yilmaz N, Vigil FM, Donaldson B (2022) Fuel effects on PAH formation, toxicity and regulated pollutants: detailed comparison of biodiesel blends with propanol, butanol and pentanol. Sci Total Environ 849:157839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157839","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"37401_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-190X(03)00044-3","volume":"11","author":"C Yin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yin C, Rosendahl L, Luo Z (2003) Methods to improve prediction performance of ANN models. Simul Model Pract Theory 11:211\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1569-190X(03)00044-3","journal-title":"Simul Model Pract Theory"},{"key":"37401_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/ce\/zkae055","volume":"8","author":"A Youssef","year":"2024","unstructured":"Youssef A, Ibrahim A (2024) A numerical investigation into the effect of altering compression ratio, injection timing, and injection duration on the performance of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel\u2013biodiesel\u2013butanol blend. Clean Energy 8:73\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ce\/zkae055","journal-title":"Clean Energy"},{"key":"37401_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en17020344","author":"F Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng F, Cho HM (2024) The effect of different mixing proportions and different operating conditions of biodiesel blended fuel on emissions and performance of compression ignition engines. Energies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17020344","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"37401_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.05.033","volume":"121","author":"W Zhong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhong W, Xuan T, He Z, Wang Q, Li D, Zhang X, Huang YY (2016) Experimental study of combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine with diesel\/second-generation biodiesel blending fuels. Energy Convers Manage 121:241\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.05.033","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37401-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37401-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37401-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T19:03:11Z","timestamp":1770922991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37401-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["37401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37401-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This is not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}