{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T02:31:21Z","timestamp":1788057081175,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006393","name":"Universidad de Granada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bio-carbon (BC) derived from agro-industrial waste was doped with various heteroatoms (S, N, B, P) to evaluate its catalytic performance in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the electro-Fenton process. The materials were thoroughly characterized using techniques such as nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, carbon dioxide adsorption at\u2009\u2212193 K, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical performance was assessed via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). All doped samples (S, N, B, P) showed improved ORR activity for hydrogen peroxide generation, with the nitrogen-doped bio-carbon (DBC-N) exhibiting the highest performance. This was attributed to its superior JK value (10.4 mA cm\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and the lowest onset potential (E\u00b0 onset\u2009= \u22120.14 V). Beyond their ORR catalytic activity, the doped samples were also tested as dual-function catalysts for the degradation of tetracycline via the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process. Notably, all samples achieved enhanced degradation efficiencies (&gt;\u200940%), with the nitrogen-doped sample reaching a maximum of approximately 70%. This study highlights the potential of producing high-performance, metal-free ORR catalysts through a cost-effective, circular economy-based approach, offering promising applications in environmental remediation, particularly for efficient wastewater decontamination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37504-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T11:30:45Z","timestamp":1771414245000},"page":"3619-3634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["S, N, P, and B-doped bio-carbons as dual catalysts for tetracycline degradation via the heterogeneous electro-Fenton process"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9177-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhakim","family":"Elmouwahidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Fajardo-Puerto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cadenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Bail\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn F.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cadenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Carrasco-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"37504_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-009-9317-0","volume":"17","author":"J Alca\u00f1iz-Monge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alca\u00f1iz-Monge J, P\u00e9rez-Cadenas M, Lozano-Castell\u00f3 D (2010) Influence of pore size distribution on water adsorption on silica gels. J Porous Mater 17(4):409\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10934-009-9317-0","journal-title":"J Porous Mater"},{"key":"37504_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bajracharya S, ElMekawy A, Srikanth S, Pant D (2016) Cathodes for microbial fuel cells. Microb Electrochem Fuel Cells Fundam Appl 179\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-1-78242-375-1.00006-X","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-375-1.00006-X"},{"key":"37504_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2011.11.074","volume":"61","author":"S Brocato","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brocato S, Lau C, Atanassov P (2012) Mechanistic study of direct electron transfer in bilirubin oxidase. Electrochim Acta 61:44\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2011.11.074","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"37504_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.12.111","volume":"261","author":"Y Cao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cao Y, Si W, Hao Q, Li Z, Lei W, Xia X, Li J, Wang F, Liu Y (2018) One-pot fabrication of Hemin-N\u2013C composite with enhanced electrocatalysis and application to H2O2 sensing. Electrochim Acta 261:206\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.12.111","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"37504_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen C, Tian M, Han H, Wu D, Chen Y, Gao Z, Gao S, Jiang K (2021) N, P-dual doped carbonaceous catalysts derived from bifunctional-salt activation for effective electro-Fenton degradation on waterborne organic pollutions. Electrochimica Acta 389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.138732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.138732"},{"key":"37504_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108842","author":"S Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng S, Liu Y, Shen C, Jiang B, Liu F, Li A (2022) Enhanced flow-through electro-Fenton process based on rGO aerogel cathode: essential role of sodium tetrapolyphosphate. J Environ Chem Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108842","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"key":"37504_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2023.12.004","volume":"86","author":"C Chi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chi C, Huo B, Liang Z, Hu C, Sun Q, Zhou S (2024) Study on tetracycline degradation in wastewater based on zero-valent nano iron assisted micro-nano bubbles. Alex Eng J 86:577\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aej.2023.12.004","journal-title":"Alex Eng J"},{"key":"37504_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2013.06.019","volume":"85","author":"AKMMB Chowdhury","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chowdhury AKMMB, Akratos CS, Vayenas DV, Pavlou S (2013) Olive millwaste composting: A review. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 85:108\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibiod.2013.06.019","journal-title":"International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation"},{"issue":"5","key":"37504_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1039\/c2gc16676c","volume":"14","author":"SK Das","year":"2012","unstructured":"Das SK, Dickinson C, Lafir F, Brougham DF, Marsili E (2012) Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles biosynthesized with Rhizopus oryzae protein extract. Green Chem 14(5):1322\u20131334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c2gc16676c","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"37504_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Das A, Roy D, Kumar Das B, Ansari MI, Chattopadhyay KK, Sarkar S (2023) Zinc doping induced WS2 accelerating the HER and ORR kinetics: a theoretical and experimental validation. Catal Today 423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cattod.2022.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2022.10.003"},{"key":"37504_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2021.105460","author":"C Dauber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dauber C, Carreras T, Fern\u00e1ndez Fern\u00e1ndez A, Irigaray B, Albores S, G\u00e1mbaro A, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez E, Vieitez I (2022) Response surface methodology for the optimization of biophenols recovery from \u201calperujo\u201d using supercritical fluid extraction. Comparison between Arbequina and Coratina cultivars. J Supercrit Fluids. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.supflu.2021.105460","journal-title":"J Supercrit Fluids"},{"key":"37504_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2024.112939","volume":"236","author":"Y Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong Y, Sun Y, Bulka S, Wang W (2025) Degradation of tetracycline in aqueous solution by electron beam: kinetics and degradation mechanism. Radiat Phys Chem 236:112939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2024.112939","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"37504_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.08.042","volume":"306","author":"A Elmouwahidi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elmouwahidi A, Vivo-Vilches JF, P\u00e9rez-Cadenas AF, Maldonado-H\u00f3dar FJ, Carrasco-Mar\u00edn F (2016) Free metal oxygen-reduction electro-catalysts obtained from biomass residue of the olive oil industry. Chem Eng J 306:1109\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2016.08.042","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"37504_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.01.152","volume":"229","author":"A Elmouwahidi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elmouwahidi A, Bail\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda E, P\u00e9rez-Cadenas AF, Maldonado-H\u00f3dar FJ, Carrasco-Mar\u00edn F (2017) Activated carbons from KOH and H3PO4-activation of olive residues and its application as supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochim Acta 229:219\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.01.152","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"37504_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2018.12.038","volume":"144","author":"A Elmouwahidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elmouwahidi A, Bail\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda E, P\u00e9rez-Cadenas AF, Castelo-Quib\u00e9n J, Carrasco-Mar\u00edn F (2018) Carbon-vanadium composites as non-precious catalysts for electro-reduction of oxygen. Carbon 144:289\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbon.2018.12.038","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"37504_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.11.141","volume":"334","author":"A Elmouwahidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elmouwahidi A, Castelo-Quib\u00e9n J, Vivo-Vilches JF, P\u00e9rez-Cadenas AF, Maldonado-H\u00f3dar FJ, Carrasco-Mar\u00edn F (2018) Activated carbons from agricultural waste solvothermally doped with sulphur as electrodes for supercapacitors. Chem Eng J 334:1835\u20131841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2017.11.141","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"37504_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152455","volume":"812","author":"C Fang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fang C, Wang S, Xu H, Huang Q (2022) Degradation of tetracycline by atmospheric-pressure non-thermal plasma: enhanced performance, degradation mechanism, and toxicity evaluation. Sci Total Environ 812:152455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152455","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"37504_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132387","author":"Y Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao Y, Wang Q, Ji G, Li A (2022) Degradation of antibiotic pollutants by persulfate activated with various carbon materials. Chem Eng J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132387","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"issue":"10","key":"37504_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13102585","volume":"13","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Randez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Randez A, Marks EAN, P\u00e9rez-Murcia MD, Orden L, Andreu-Rodriguez J, Sabater EM, Ch\u00e1fer MT, Moral R (2023) Is the direct soil application of two-phase olive mill waste (Alperujo) compatible with soil quality protection? Agronomy 13(10):2585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy13102585","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"37504_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geng J, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Gao J, Wang S, Hu X, Li J (2022) Enhanced electro-Fenton oxidation by introducing three-phase interface with simultaneous optimization of O2 and pollutant transfer for effective tetracycline hydrochloride removal. Chem Eng J 450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137891"},{"issue":"3","key":"37504_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1680\/jsuin.15.00005","volume":"3","author":"NW Gooch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gooch NW, Hlady V (2015) Two surface gradients of polyethylene glycol for a reduction in protein adsorption. Surf Innov 3(3):172\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/jsuin.15.00005","journal-title":"Surf Innov"},{"key":"37504_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han S, Wang Z, Pi X, Wu C, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhao H (2022) Promotion of tetracycline degradation by electro-Fenton: controlling the reaction zone by N-doped modified activated carbon cathode. J Clean Prod 370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133524"},{"key":"37504_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang J, Wang M, Luo S, Li Z, Ge Y (2023) In situ preparation of highly graphitized N-doped biochar geopolymer composites for efficient catalytic degradation of tetracycline in water by H2O2. Environ Res 219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115166"},{"issue":"35","key":"37504_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18473","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c01562","volume":"40","author":"MM Irani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Irani MM, Koukabi N, Irani MA, Dashtian K, Seidi F (2024) Ag\u2013Cu\u2082O supported biomass-derived rGO for catalyzing Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. Langmuir 40(35):18473\u201318485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c01562","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"37504_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11992-2","author":"K Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang K, Back S, Akey AJ, Xia C, Hu Y, Liang W, Schaak D, Stavitski E, N\u00f8rskov JK, Siahrostami S, Wang H (2019) Highly selective oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide on transition metal single atom coordination. Nat Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-11992-2","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"35","key":"37504_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22278","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c02627","volume":"5","author":"G Kalaiyarasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalaiyarasan G, Joseph J, Kumar P (2020) Phosphorus-doped carbon quantum dots as fluorometric probes for iron detection. ACS Omega 5(35):22278\u201322288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c02627","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"37504_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.127272","author":"GK Kiran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kiran GK, Sreekanth TVM, Yoo K, Kim J (2023) Bifunctional electrocatalytic activity of two-dimensional multilayered vanadium carbide (MXene) for ORR and OER. Mater Chem Phys. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.127272","journal-title":"Mater Chem Phys"},{"issue":"6","key":"37504_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation11060326","volume":"11","author":"A Laribi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Laribi A, Zieniuk B, Bouchedja DN, Hafid K, Elmechta L, Becila S (2025) Valorization of olive mill wastewater via yarrowia lipolytica: sustainable production of high-value metabolites and biocompounds\u2014A review. Fermentation 11(6):326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fermentation11060326","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"issue":"10","key":"37504_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.02.001","volume":"33","author":"X Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li X, Jiang D, Zhang J, Lin Q, Chen Z, Huang Z (2013) The dispersion of boron carbide powder in aqueous media. J Eur Ceram Soc 33(10):1655\u20131663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.02.001","journal-title":"J Eur Ceram Soc"},{"key":"37504_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.06.046","volume":"122","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li Y, Yang J, Huang J, Zhou Y, Xu K, Zhao N, Cheng X (2017) Soft template-assisted method for synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide as an efficient metal free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. Carbon 122:237\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.06.046","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"37504_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134160","author":"S Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li S, Liu Y, Ge R, Yang S, Zhai Y, Hua T, Ondon BS, Zhou Q, Li F (2020) Microbial electro-Fenton: a promising system for antibiotics resistance genes degradation and energy generation. Sci Total Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134160","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"37504_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130930","volume":"427","author":"M Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li M, Li Y, Yu P, Zhao H, Xiang L, Feng N, Li Q, He K, Luo X, Cai Q, Zhou S, Mo C, Yeung K (2022) Exploring degradation mechanism of tetracycline via high-effective peroxymonosulfate catalysts of montmorillonite hybridized CoFe composites and safety assessment. Chem Eng J 427:130930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130930","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"37504_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.11.037","volume":"169","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li X, Yang H, Ma H, Zhi HG, Li D, Zheng X (2023) Carbonaceous materials applied for cathode electro-Fenton technology on the emerging contaminants degradation. Process Saf Environ Prot 169:186\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psep.2022.11.037","journal-title":"Process Saf Environ Prot"},{"key":"37504_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu Z, Wan J, Ma Y, Wang Y (2021) In situ synthesis of FeOCl@MoS2 on graphite felt as novel electro-Fenton cathode for efficient degradation of antibiotic ciprofloxacin at mild pH. Chemosphere 273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129747"},{"key":"37504_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106949","author":"D Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu D, Xu YY, Junaid M, Zhu YG, Wang J (2022) Distribution, transfer, ecological and human health risks of antibiotics in bay ecosystems. Environ Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106949","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"37504_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.133767","author":"Z Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Z, Wan J, Yan Z, Wang Y, Ma Y (2022) Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin by heterogeneous electro-Fenton using natural air\u2013cathode. Chem Eng J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2021.133767","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"37504_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu J, Liu X, Chen Q, Zhou J (2021) Coupling effect of nitrogen-doped carbon black and carbon nanotube in assembly gas diffusion electrode for H2O2 electro-generation and recalcitrant pollutant degradation. Sep Purif Technol 265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.118493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.118493"},{"issue":"9","key":"37504_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1039\/d1tc05453h","volume":"10","author":"JB Matsoso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsoso JB, Antonatos N, Kumar PR, Jellett C, Maz\u00e1nek V, Journet C, Sofer Z (2022) Simultaneous microwave-assisted reduction and B\/N co-doping of graphene oxide for selective recognition of VOCs. J Mater Chem C 10(9):3307\u20133317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d1tc05453h","journal-title":"J Mater Chem C"},{"key":"37504_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mojoudi N, Mirghaffari N, Soleimani M, Shariatmadari H, Belver C, Bedia J (2019) Phenol adsorption on high microporous activated carbons prepared from oily sludge: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Sci Rep 9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-55794-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55794-4"},{"key":"37504_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.119398","author":"\u00c1 Moratalla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moratalla \u00c1, Ara\u00fajo DM, Moura GOMA, Lacasa E, Ca\u00f1izares P, Rodrigo MA, S\u00e1ez C (2021) Pressurized electro-Fenton for the reduction of the environmental impact of antibiotics. Sep Purif Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.119398","journal-title":"Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"37504_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118041","author":"JM Moreno-Maroto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreno-Maroto JM, Uceda-Rodr\u00edguez M, Cobo-Ceacero CJ, de Hoces MC, Mart\u00ednLara M\u00c1, Cotes-Palomino T, L\u00f3pez Garc\u00eda AB, Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda C (2019) Recycling of \u2018alperujo\u2019 (olive pomace) as a key component in the sintering of lightweight aggregates. J Clean Prod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118041","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"4","key":"37504_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2016.09.019","volume":"4","author":"M Munoz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Munoz M, Garcia-Mu\u00f1oz P, Pliego G, De Pedro ZM, Zazo JA, Casas JA, Rodriguez JJ (2016) Application of intensified Fenton oxidation to the treatment of hospital wastewater: kinetics, ecotoxicity and disinfection. J Environ Chem Eng 4(4):4107\u20134112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2016.09.019","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"issue":"20","key":"37504_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NA00283K","volume":"6","author":"ZK Nalkyashree","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nalkyashree ZK, Koukabi N, Dashtian K, Seidi F (2024) Synergistic atom co-sharing and S-scheme heterojunction: constructing Cu\/CuO\/Cu\u2082O with ultrathin graphene-like carbon derived from basil seeds for enhanced photo-oxidation of benzyl alcohols to aldehydes. Nanoscale Adv 6(20):5348\u20135362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D4NA00283K","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv"},{"key":"37504_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.07.021","volume":"144","author":"A Puga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puga A, Rosales E, Pazos M, Sanrom\u00e1n MA (2020) Prompt removal of antibiotic by adsorption\/electro-Fenton degradation using an iron-doped perlite as heterogeneous catalyst. Process Saf Environ Prot 144:100\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psep.2020.07.021","journal-title":"Process Saf Environ Prot"},{"key":"37504_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.151833","volume":"490","author":"MZ Qaretapeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qaretapeh MZ, Kouchakipour S, Hosseinzadeh M, Dashtian K (2024) Cuttlefish bone-supported CoFe\u2082O\u2084 nanoparticles enhance persulfate Fenton-like process for the degradation of polystyrene nanoplastics. Chem Eng J 490:151833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2024.151833","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"37504_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qian M, Zhuo F, Li Y, Yi P, Gao Y, Zhou W, Sun Y, Chen J, Wu XL (2023) Fe[sbnd]N[sbnd]C catalyst coated on carbon felt for efficient degradation of antibiotics via electro-Fenton process. Appl Surf Sci 609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.155310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.155310"},{"key":"37504_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCIS.2021.07.087","volume":"605","author":"Z Qin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qin Z, Zhao J (2022) 1 T-MoSe2 monolayer supported single Pd atom as a highly efficient bifunctional catalyst for ORR\/OER. J Colloid Interface Sci 605:155\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCIS.2021.07.087","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"37504_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Quintana-G\u00f3mez L, Ladero M, Calvo L (2021) Enzymatic production of biodiesel from alperujo oil in supercritical CO2. J Supercr Fluids 171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.supflu.2021.105184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2021.105184"},{"key":"37504_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2023.01.031","volume":"121","author":"M Rashid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rashid M, Parsaei S, Ghoorchian A, Dashtian K, Mowla D (2023) A spiral shape microfluidic photoreactor with MOF(NiFe)-derived NiSe-Fe\u2083O\u2084\/C heterostructure for photodegradation of tetracycline: mechanism conception and DFT calculation. J Ind Eng Chem 121:275\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiec.2023.01.031","journal-title":"J Ind Eng Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"37504_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2005.07.024","volume":"26","author":"A Roig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roig A, Cayuela ML, S\u00e1nchez-Monedero MA (2006) An overview on olive mill wastes and their valorisation methods. Waste Manag 26(9):960\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2005.07.024","journal-title":"Waste Manag"},{"key":"37504_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.108665","volume":"78","author":"H Sadeghzadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sadeghzadeh H, Mowla D, Qaretapeh MZ, Dashtian K (2025) Peroxydisulfate-enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Tetracycline using NiO\/\u03b1-Fe\u2082O\u2083-C derived from hierarchical NiFe Prussian blue analogue via seed-mediated growth. J Water Process Eng 78:108665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.108665","journal-title":"J Water Process Eng"},{"key":"37504_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2011.12.020","volume":"95","author":"C Saka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saka C (2012) BET, TG-DTG, FT-IR, SEM, iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 95:21\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2011.12.020","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrolysis"},{"key":"37504_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shen J, Wu Y, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Liu X, Wei T, Yu X, Yu Y, Li H, Fang T (2022) Dyeing sludge carbons activated by alkali-etching for outperformed 4-chlorophenol degradation in electro-Fenton process. J Water Process Eng 49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.103103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.103103"},{"key":"37504_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song X, Jo CH, Han L, Zhou M (2022) Recent advance in microbial fuel cell reactor configuration and coupling technologies for removal of antibiotic pollutants. In: Current opinion in electrochemistry, vol 31. Elsevier B.V. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coelec.2021.100833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2021.100833"},{"key":"37504_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2018.12.075","volume":"245","author":"P Su","year":"2019","unstructured":"Su P, Zhou M, Lu X, Yang W, Ren G, Cai J (2019) Electrochemical catalytic mechanism of N-doped graphene for enhanced H2O2 yield and in-situ degradation of organic pollutant. Appl Catal B Environ 245:583\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apcatb.2018.12.075","journal-title":"Appl Catal B Environ"},{"key":"37504_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131972","volume":"286","author":"X Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun X, Qi H, Sun Z (2022) Bifunctional nickel foam composite cathode co-modified with CoFe@NC and CNTs for electrocatalytic degradation of atrazine over wide pH range. Chemosphere 286:131972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131972","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"37504_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.121041","author":"SH Thor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thor SH, Ho LN, Ong SA, Abidin CZA, Heah CY, Ong YP, Yap KL (2022) A sustainable photocatalytic fuel cell integrated photo-electro-Fenton hybrid system using KOH activated carbon felt cathodes for enhanced Amaranth degradation and electricity generation. Sep Purif Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.121041","journal-title":"Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"37504_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.09.087","volume":"67","author":"I Velo-Gala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Velo-Gala I, L\u00f3pez-Pe\u00f1alver JJ, S\u00e1nchez-Polo M, Rivera-Utrilla J (2014) Surface modifications of activated carbon by gamma irradiation. Carbon 67:236\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.09.087","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"37504_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.127206","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Z, Wu M, Chen G, Zhang M, Sun T, Burra KG, Guo S, Chen Y, Yang S, Li Z, Lei T, Gupta AK (2023) Co-pyrolysis characteristics of waste tire and maize stalk using TGA, FTIR and Py-GC\/MS analysis. Fuel. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.127206","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37504_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24329-9","author":"Y Xia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xia Y, Zhao X, Xia C, Wu ZY, Zhu P, Kim JY, Bai X, Gao G, Hu Y, Zhong J, Liu Y, Wang H (2021) Highly active and selective oxygen reduction to H2O2 on boron-doped carbon for high production rates. Nat Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-24329-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"37504_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10375","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202101804","volume":"60","author":"F Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao F, Wang Z, Fan J, Majima T, Zhao H, Zhao G (2021) Selective electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen to hydroxyl radicals via 3-electron pathway with FeCo alloy encapsulated carbon aerogel for fast and complete removing pollutants. Angew Chem Int Ed 60:10375\u201310383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202101804","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"37504_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie Y, Kong F, Mi Z, Huang H, Xia C, Ma Z, Li S, Zhang Q, Meng Z (2023) High-efficiency removal of antibiotics through self-assembly formation of layered double hydroxides in wastewater. J Water Process Eng 52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.103502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.103502"},{"key":"37504_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xin S, Huo S, Xin Y, Gao M, Wang Y, Liu W, Zhang C, Ma X (2022) Heterogeneous photo-electro-Fenton degradation of tetracycline through nitrogen\/oxygen self-doped porous biochar supported CuFeO2 multifunctional cathode catalyst under visible light. Appl Catal B Environ 312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121442"},{"key":"37504_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xing Z, Jin R, Chen X, Chen B, Zhou J, Tian B, Li Y, Fan (2021) Self-templating construction of N, P-co-doped carbon nanosheets for efficient eletreocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction. Chem Eng J 410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2020.128015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.128015"},{"key":"37504_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.107059","author":"L Xing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xing L, Wei J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Xu M, Li J, Pan G, Li J (2022) Application of energy sustainable utilization strategy for highly efficient electro-Fenton treatment of antibiotics. J Environ Chem Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2021.107059","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"key":"37504_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.09.145","volume":"255","author":"S Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu S, Kim Y, Higgins D, Yusuf M, Jaramillo TF, Prinz FB (2017) Building upon the Koutecky-Levich equation for evaluation of next-generation oxygen reduction reaction catalysts. Electrochim Acta 255:99\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.09.145","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"37504_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2019.02.036","volume":"838","author":"F Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu F, Wang Y, Ma H (2019) Enhancing the yield of H2O2 from oxygen reduction reaction performance by hierarchically porous carbon modified active carbon fiber as an effective cathode used in electro-Fenton. J Electroanal Chem 838:57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelechem.2019.02.036","journal-title":"J Electroanal Chem"},{"key":"37504_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu D, He J, Wang Z, Pang H, Li L, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Zhang J (2021) Mineralization of norfloxacin in a CoFe-LDH\/CF cathode-based heterogeneous electro-Fenton system: preparation parameter optimization of the cathode and conversion mechanisms of H2O2 to \u2e31OH. Chem Eng J 417:129240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129240"},{"key":"37504_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.118335","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Wei X, Wu WD, Wang X, Wu Z (2020) Facile synthesis of mesoporous anatase\/rutile\/hematite triple heterojunctions for superior heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysis. Appl Catal B Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.118335","journal-title":"Appl Catal B Environ"},{"key":"37504_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119324","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang D, Zhao F, Feng J, Feng H, Luo J, Tang W (2022) Ferrate modified carbon felt as excellent heterogeneous electro-Fenton cathode for chloramphenicol degradation. Water Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119324","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"37504_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang L, Shi Z, Lin Y, Chong F, Qi Y (2022) Design strategies for large current density hydrogen evolution reaction. In: Frontiers in chemistry (vol 10). Frontiers Media SA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2022.866415","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.866415"},{"key":"37504_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.102496","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhao YG, Maqbool F, Hu Y (2022) Removal of antibiotics pollutants in wastewater by UV-based advanced oxidation processes: influence of water matrix components, processes optimization and application: a review. J Water Process Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.102496","journal-title":"J Water Process Eng"},{"key":"37504_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107932","author":"M Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng M, Xu ZN, Fu ML (2022) Boron-doped activated carbon catalyzed reduction of dilute nitrite acid in oxidative esterification reaction in the coal to ethylene glycol process. J Environ Chem Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107932","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"37504_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.6b01581","volume":"6","author":"R Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou R, Zheng Y, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ (2016) Determination of the electron transfer number for the oxygen reduction reaction: from theory to experiment. ACS Catal 6(7):4720\u20134728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acscatal.6b01581","journal-title":"ACS Catal"},{"key":"37504_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.128368","author":"W Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou W, Xie L, Gao J, Nazari R, Zhao H, Meng X, Sun F, Zhao G, Ma J (2021) Selective H2O2 electrosynthesis by O-doped and transition-metal-O-doped carbon cathodes via O2 electroreduction: a critical review. Chem Eng J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2020.128368","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"37504_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Deng F, Qiu S, Ma F, Zheng Y, Lian R (2021) Enhanced electro-Fenton degradation of sulfonamides using the N, S co-doped cathode: mechanism for H2O2 formation and pollutants decay. J Hazard Mater 403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123950"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37504-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37504-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37504-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T07:17:54Z","timestamp":1778311074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37504-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["37504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37504-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with animals and human subjects. The authors confirm that the whole study meets the ethical guidelines and adheres to the legal requirements of the study country.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This is not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"This is not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}