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The assays were performed according to ISO protocols, using a tropical soil (Entisol) as the test substrate. The mixture assays were performed using equitoxic concentration, standardized according to the preliminary EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values for each contaminant (1 Toxic Unit\u2009=\u2009reproductive EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    average), and the toxicological interactions were assessed through the Abbott model. Individually, CLO was much more toxic than PSNP (LOEC-based) to both enchytraeids (CLO\u2009=\u20092.67\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , PSNP\u2009=\u2009128\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and collembolans (CLO\u2009=\u20090.02\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , PSNP\u2009=\u200956.25\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Collembolans were more sensitive to both contaminants compared to enchytraeids, but the difference in sensitivity was higher for CLO (&gt;\u2009100 times) than for PSNP (2.3 times). The binary mixtures showed additive effects of PSNP\u2009+\u2009CLO for both species at all mixture concentrations. For collembolans, concentrations that caused no significant effects individually (18.75\u00a0mg PSNP kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 0.01\u00a0mg CLO kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) induced significant negative effects when in mixture, indicating that the co-occurrence of individually non-toxic concentrations might not be safe for collembolans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37540-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:35:38Z","timestamp":1772516138000},"page":"4165-4174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single and combined chronic toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNP) and clothianidin on collembolans and enchytraeids"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Felipe Ogliari","family":"Bandeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo Roger Lopes","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamires Rodrigues","family":"dos Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilmar","family":"Baretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina Riviera Duarte Maluche","family":"Baretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2386-0578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Gerson","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"37540_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a","volume":"18","author":"WS Abbott","year":"1925","unstructured":"Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 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