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We conducted a nested case\u2013control study of participants in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study II (NHS II) children born 1990\u20132002 with ASD (n\u2009=\u2009250) and without ASD (n\u2009=\u20091,539) were randomly selected using frequency matching for birth years. The monthly average for each gaseous pollutant O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , CO, and SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    were obtained from the daily values from the nearest 5 monitoring stations using distance-weighted averages from the nurse\u2019s residence and averaged across months for different exposure windows. Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of ASD. Per interquartile range (IQR) increase for each pollutant from mutually adjusted models were: O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the 2nd trimester (OR per 0.007\u00a0ppm: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.96\u20131.50); SO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the 9\u00a0months before pregnancy (OR per 5.54\u00a0ppb: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.33\u20133.83); NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the 3rd trimester (OR per 9.9\u00a0ppb\u2009=\u20092.10; 95% CI: 1.03\u20134.28); and CO in the 3\u00a0months after pregnancy (OR per 0.52\u00a0ppm: 1.36; 95% CI: 0.71\u20132.63). Our findings suggest different critical windows of exposure around pregnancy for different air pollutants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37583-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:12:20Z","timestamp":1773115940000},"page":"4753-4763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perinatal exposure to gaseous pollutants and autism spectrum disorder in children: A nested case\u2013control study in the nurses\u2019 health study ii cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-8554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayon Michelle","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethsaida","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianthi-Anna","family":"Kioumourtzoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Laden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc G.","family":"Weisskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"37583_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association, D. and A. 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