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The objectives were to (i) examine the adsorption capacity of Fe-modified M-PAC for ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ibuprofen (IBU) in deionized water, (ii) assess adsorption capacity in wastewater effluent, and (iii) evaluate ex-situ electro-regeneration of spent M-PAC. Fe-modification improved PAC\u2019s settling velocity by 1.7 times compared to pristine PAC, enabling easier separation without filtration or coagulation\/flocculation, which benefits regeneration processes. M-PAC also exhibited more linear adsorption isotherms than pristine PAC, offering consistent and predictable adsorption behavior across varying CIP and IBU concentrations. In wastewater effluent, adsorption decreased by 28% for CIP and 67% for IBU due to stronger competition from effluent organics. Despite this reduction, Freundlich adsorption capacities of 28.7\u00a0mg\/g for CIP and 15.47\u00a0mg\/g for IBU were achieved. Electro-regeneration restored up to 100% of adsorption capacity within 60\u2013180\u00a0min over a single regeneration cycle. IBU desorbed rapidly within the first hour, while CIP required longer treatment due to stronger interactions with the carbon surface. In mixed-solute systems, regeneration efficiency was reduced by approximately 25% for IBU and up to 65% for CIP, likely from competitive desorption and differing molecular affinities for M-PAC. The calculated energy consumption for electro-regeneration of spent M-PAC was\u2009&lt;\u20090.2 kWh\/g, making it more competitive than existing regeneration methods. Overall, the results demonstrate that Fe-modification enhances PAC\u2019s separation and adsorption characteristics while enabling effective ex-situ electro-regeneration. Adsorbent surface properties, along with pharmaceutical molecular structure, charge, and polarity, critically influence adsorption behavior and regeneration kinetics. These findings highlight the potential of Fe-modified PAC as a reusable adsorbent for pharmaceutical removal in water treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37655-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T16:49:05Z","timestamp":1774457345000},"page":"5716-5730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmaceutical adsorption and ex-situ electro-regeneration performance of magnetically modified activated carbon"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Faisal","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Gaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamze","family":"Ersan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergi","family":"Garcia-Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0495-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmut S.","family":"Ersan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"37655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-025-08240-3","volume":"236","author":"HH Abdulrahman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdulrahman HH, Sdiq AFH, Ismail HK, Omer RA, Alesary HF, Kareem AA, Barton S (2025) Polymer nanocomposite adsorbents for the removal of pharmaceutical formulations the aquatic environment: a review. 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