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Samples were collected from 22 sites, primarily located in waterways feeding into the Bay (Miami River, Little River, Biscayne Canal, and Snake Creek). Additional samples were also collected in the central region of Biscayne Bay, around Virginia Key, Key Biscayne, Coconut Grove, and Matheson Hammock. The highest \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values were found in algae and plants collected from the Biscayne Canal, Little River, and Miami River, inland sites heavily influenced by land-based source of pollution such as storm water, septic tanks, and industrial runoff, while lower values were measured at the central Biscayne Bay sites. The Little River sites showed a strong seasonality with \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values of the vegetation ranging from\u2009+\u20098\u2030 in the wet season to over\u2009+\u200913\u2030 at the start of the dry season, while the Miami River and Biscayne Canal sites exhibited \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values of between\u2009+\u20099 to\u2009+\u200913\u2030 throughout the year. The elevated \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values are associated with the input of anthropogenic waste, presumed to originate from septic tanks along the canals. Elevation of \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values in excess of typical values found in humans is driven by fractionation of nitrogen during assimilation, nitrification, denitrification, volatilization of NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in septic tanks with clogged drain fields. We propose that dissolved inorganic nitrogen, derived from septic tanks with elevated \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values, mixes with nitrogen derived from the natural environment as well as that sourced from artificial fertilizers (both with lower \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values) to produce pools of nitrogen with intermediate \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N values. These are then further enriched in\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N during the process of assimilation and nitrification which fractionates the \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N value of the residual NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    . At all locations there is close to a 1:1 relationship between the \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N and \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u039f values of the nitrate, expected as a result of fractionation during assimilation. Mixing between natural sources of nitrogen, or nitrogen arising from anthropogenic sources or other animal waste and nitrogen arising from contamination by fertilizer produces a positive association between NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentration and \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>NO3-<\/jats:sub>\n                    values at some locations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37702-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T12:23:30Z","timestamp":1775564610000},"page":"6635-6656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The nitrogen isotopic composition of biotic components in Northern Biscayne Bay and Associated Waterways, South Florida USA: implications for sources of nitrogen"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6743-6162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter K.","family":"Swart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Saied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"Ahearn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Troxler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maribeth","family":"Gidley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Sinigalliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliza","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Silverstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"37702_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1039\/D4VA00015C","volume":"3","author":"FC Alldred","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alldred FC, Gr\u00f6cke DR, Jackson SE, Reid G (2024) Nitrogen isotopes in herbaria document historical nitrogen sewage pollution in the Mersey Estuary, England. 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