{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:49:34Z","timestamp":1780332574391,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37762-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:16:32Z","timestamp":1776924992000},"page":"7118-7139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Beyond waste: sardine scales and eggshell catalyst for biodiesel production from waste frying oil"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Amina","family":"Ouahbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6291-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youness","family":"Bouhaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"Sair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdeslam","family":"El Bouari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Tanane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"37762_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clce.2022.100070","volume":"4","author":"C Adhikesavan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adhikesavan C, Ganesh D, Charles Augustin V (2022) Effect of quality of waste cooking oil on the properties of biodiesel, engine performance and emissions. Clean Chem Eng 4:100070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clce.2022.100070","journal-title":"Clean Chem Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"37762_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wmb.2023.11.002","volume":"1","author":"CM Agu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agu CM, Ani KA, Abiazieije PO, Omeje JA, Ekuma JC, Umelo UE, Omukwu OH, Nwankwo ED, Chinedu MP (2024) Biodiesel production from waste cat fish oil using heterogeneous catalyst from cat fish born: a viable waste management approach, and ANN modeling of biodiesel yield. Waste Manag Bull 1(4):172\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wmb.2023.11.002","journal-title":"Waste Manag Bull"},{"key":"37762_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aisien FA, Uwadiae KO, Aisien ET (2023) Process optimization for blended waste frying oil in biodiesel production using CaO derived from African periwinkle shell catalyst through response surface methodology. Sustain Chem Environ 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scenv.2023.100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scenv.2023.100042"},{"issue":"6","key":"37762_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CATAL10060703","volume":"10","author":"A Aitlaalim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aitlaalim A, Ouanji F, Benzaouak A, El Mahi M, Lotfi EM, Kacimi M, Liotta LF (2020) Utilization of waste grooved razor shell (GRS) as a catalyst in biodiesel production from refined and waste cooking oils. Catalysts 10(6):703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/CATAL10060703","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"issue":"6","key":"37762_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-020-00636-x","volume":"11","author":"EO Ajala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ajala EO, Ajala MA, Odetoye TE, Aderibigbe FA, Osanyinpeju HO, Ayanshola MA (2021) Thermal modification of chicken eggshell as heterogeneous catalyst for palm kernel biodiesel production in an optimization process. Biomass Convers Biorefin 11(6):2599\u20132615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-020-00636-x","journal-title":"Biomass Convers Biorefin"},{"key":"37762_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RINP.2020.103051","volume":"17","author":"ES Akpan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akpan ES, Dauda M, Kuburi LS, Obada DO, Dodoo-Arhin D (2020) A comparative study of the mechanical integrity of natural hydroxyapatite scaffolds prepared from two biogenic sources using a low compaction pressure method. Results Phys 17:103051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.RINP.2020.103051","journal-title":"Results Phys"},{"key":"37762_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amadine O, D\u00e2noun K, Essamlali Y, Sair S, Zahouily M (2022) Hydroxyapatite-based catalysts for the production of energetic carriers. design and applications of hydroxyapatite\u2010based catalysts :299\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9783527830190.CH9","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527830190.CH9"},{"key":"37762_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amesho KTT, Lin YC, Chen CE, Cheng PC, Shangdiar S (2022) Kinetics studies of sustainable biodiesel synthesis from Jatropha curcas oil by exploiting bio-waste derived CaO-based heterogeneous catalyst via microwave heating system as a green chemistry technique. Fuel 323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.123876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.123876"},{"key":"37762_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.09.049","volume":"141","author":"Z Amini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amini Z, Ilham Z, Ong HC, Mazaheri H, Chen WH (2017) State of the art and prospective of lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. Energy Convers Manag 141:339\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.09.049","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"37762_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand M, Deepanraj B, Ranjitha J, Noor MM (2020) Biodiesel production from mixed Elengi and Pongamia oil using calcined waste animal bone as a novel heterogeneous catalyst. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing Ltd","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/923\/1\/012063"},{"key":"37762_CR11","unstructured":"Arunseshan C, Suresh S, Arivuoli Dakshnamoorthy (2013) (8) (PDF) Synthesis and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) using the wet chemical technique. In: Int J Phys Sci. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/259973423_Synthesis_and_characterization_of_nano-hydroxyapatite_n-HAP_using_the_wet_chemical_technique. Accessed 23 Jan 2023"},{"key":"37762_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ashine F, Kiflie Z, Prabhu SV, Tizazu BZ, Varadharajan V, Rajasimman M, Joo SW, Vasseghian Y, Jayakumar M (2023) Biodiesel production from Argemone mexicana oil using chicken eggshell derived CaO catalyst. Fuel 332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.126166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.126166"},{"key":"37762_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Attari A, Abbaszadeh-Mayvan A, Taghizadeh-Alisaraie A (2022) Process optimization of ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using waste chicken eggshell-derived CaO as a green heterogeneous catalyst. Biomass Bioenergy 158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIOMBIOE.2022.106357","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOMBIOE.2022.106357"},{"issue":"3","key":"37762_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/IJAC.13678","volume":"18","author":"M Bahraminasab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bahraminasab M, Doostmohammadi N, Alizadeh A (2021) Low-cost synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite from carp bone waste: effect of calcination time and temperature. Int J Appl Ceram Technol 18(3):573\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/IJAC.13678","journal-title":"Int J Appl Ceram Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"37762_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerr.2023.100032","volume":"1","author":"SF Basumatary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Basumatary SF, Brahma S, Hoque M, Das BK, Selvaraj M, Brahma S, Basumatary S (2023) Advances in CaO-based catalysts for sustainable biodiesel synthesis. Green Energy and Resources 1(3):100032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gerr.2023.100032","journal-title":"Green Energy and Resources"},{"key":"37762_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2014.01.022","volume":"122","author":"J Boro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boro J, Konwar LJ, Deka D (2014) Transesterification of non edible feedstock with lithium incorporated egg shell derived CaO for biodiesel production. Fuel Process Technol 122:72\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuproc.2014.01.022","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"37762_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-28551-4","author":"Y Bouhaj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bouhaj Y, Sair S, Ait Ousaleh H, Amadine O, Maati H, Zahouily M, Faik A, El Bouari A (2023) Design and development of a highly efficient reusable zeolite impregnated ZnAl<inf>2<\/inf>O<inf>4<\/inf> catalyst for biodiesel production. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-28551-4","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"37762_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3610","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIORTECH.2010.10.123","volume":"102","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chakraborty R, Bepari S, Banerjee A (2011) Application of calcined waste fish (Labeo rohita) scale as low-cost heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. Bioresour Technol 102(3):3610\u20133618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIORTECH.2010.10.123","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"37762_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.04.012","volume":"98","author":"G Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen G, Shan R, Shi J, Liu C, Yan B (2015) Biodiesel production from palm oil using active and stable K doped hydroxyapatite catalysts. Energy Convers Manage 98:463\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.04.012","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"37762_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Das V, Dunford N, Deka D (2022) Waste utilization and biodiesel production from Desmodesmus maximus grown in swine wastewater using waste eggshells as a catalyst. Aquac Eng 99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2022.102293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2022.102293"},{"key":"37762_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Devarajan Y, Munuswamy DB, Subbiah G, Vellaiyan S, Nagappan B, Varuvel EG, Thangaraja J (2022) Inedible oil feedstocks for biodiesel production: a review of production technologies and physicochemical properties. Sustain Chem Pharm 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100840"},{"key":"37762_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.08.093","volume":"235","author":"R Dhanasekaran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhanasekaran R, Ganesan S, Rajesh Kumar B, Saravanan S (2019) Utilization of waste cooking oil in a light-duty DI diesel engine for cleaner emissions using bio-derived propanol. Fuel 235:832\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.08.093","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37762_CR23","unstructured":"European Commission (2020) A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth"},{"key":"37762_CR24","unstructured":"EPA 2022 in Review (2022) Environmental protection agency. https:\/\/www.epa.ie\/publications\/corporate\/governance\/epa-2022-in-review.php. Accessed 17 Apr 2026"},{"key":"37762_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENCONMAN.2017.07.028","volume":"149","author":"Y Essamlali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Essamlali Y, Amadine O, Larzek M, Len C, Zahouily M (2017) Sodium modified hydroxyapatite: highly efficient and stable solid-base catalyst for biodiesel production. Energy Convers Manage 149:355\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ENCONMAN.2017.07.028","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"37762_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en19010048","volume":"19","author":"AO Etim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Etim AO, Bwapwa JK (2025) Optimization, economic assessment, and quality analyses of waste-based biodiesel fuel production: a case study of waste cooking oil and a seashell synthesized catalyst. Energies 19(1):48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en19010048","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"37762_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RENENE.2014.11.042","volume":"76","author":"M Farooq","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farooq M, Ramli A (2015) Biodiesel production from low FFA waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst derived from chicken bones. Renew Energy 76:362\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.RENENE.2014.11.042","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"issue":"10","key":"37762_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-006-5033-y","volume":"83","author":"K Gerhard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gerhard K (2006) Analyzing biodiesel: standards and other methods. Abstract\u00a0J Amer Oil Chem Soc 83(10):823\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11746-006-5033-y","journal-title":"Abstract\u00a0J Amer Oil Chem Soc"},{"key":"37762_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.05.048","volume":"128","author":"J Goli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goli J, Sahu O (2018) Development of heterogeneous alkali catalyst from waste chicken eggshell for biodiesel production. Renew Energy 128:142\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2018.05.048","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"37762_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APCATB.2006.12.017","volume":"73","author":"ML Granados","year":"2007","unstructured":"Granados ML, Poves MDZ, Alonso DM, Mariscal R, Galisteo FC, Moreno-Tost R, Santamar\u00eda J, Fierro JLG (2007) Biodiesel from sunflower oil by using activated calcium oxide. Appl Catal B 73(3):317\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.APCATB.2006.12.017","journal-title":"Appl Catal B"},{"key":"37762_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.045","volume":"74","author":"MM Hasan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasan MM, Rahman MM (2017) Performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel\u2013diesel blend and environmental and economic impacts of biodiesel production: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 74:938\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.045","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"37762_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2020.598651","volume":"8","author":"MA Hazrat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hazrat MA, Rasul MG, Mofijur M, Khan MMK, Djavanroodi F, Azad AK, Bhuiya MMK, Silitonga AS (2020) A mini review on the cold flow properties of biodiesel and its blends. Front Energy Res 8:598651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenrg.2020.598651","journal-title":"Front Energy Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"37762_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2023.100033","volume":"1","author":"MA Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez MA, Rodriguez JA, Chavez-Esquivel G, \u00c1ngeles-Beltr\u00e1n D, Taviz\u00f3n-Pozos JA (2023) Canola oil transesterification for biodiesel production using potassium and strontium supported on calcium oxide catalysts synthesized from oyster shell residues. Next Materials 1(4):100033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nxmate.2023.100033","journal-title":"Next Materials"},{"key":"37762_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.07.143","volume":"16","author":"SK Hoekman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoekman SK, Broch A, Robbins C, Ceniceros E, Natarajan M (2012) Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:143\u2013169","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"37762_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1080\/17597269.2019.1580972","volume":"12","author":"K Kara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kara K, Ouanji F, El Mahi M, Lotfi EM, Kacimi M, Mahfoud Z (2019) Biodiesel synthesis from vegetable oil using eggshell waste as a heterogeneous catalyst. Biofuels 12(9):1083\u20131089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17597269.2019.1580972","journal-title":"Biofuels"},{"key":"37762_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.03.079","volume":"154","author":"HM Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan HM, Iqbal T, Ali CH, Yasin S, Jamil F (2020) Waste quail beaks as renewable source for synthesizing novel catalysts for biodiesel production. Renew Energy 154:1035\u20131043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2020.03.079","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"37762_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4236\/JMMCE.2016.42011","volume":"4","author":"H Khandelwal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khandelwal H, Prakash S, Khandelwal H, Prakash S (2016) Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite powder by eggshell. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 4(2):119\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/JMMCE.2016.42011","journal-title":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering"},{"key":"37762_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.06.161","volume":"146","author":"KN Krishnamurthy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krishnamurthy KN, Sridhara SN, Ananda Kumar CS (2020) Optimization and kinetic study of biodiesel production from Hydnocarpus wightiana oil and dairy waste scum using snail shell CaO nano catalyst. Renew Energy 146:280\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2019.06.161","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"37762_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin YC, Amesho KTT, Chen CE, Cheng PC, Chou FC (2020) A cleaner process for green biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil using recycled waste oyster shells as a sustainable base heterogeneous catalyst under the microwave heating system. Sustain Chem Pharm 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scp.2020.100310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2020.100310"},{"key":"37762_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahmood Khan H, Iqbal T, Haider Ali C, Javaid A, Iqbal Cheema I (2020) Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil utilizing waste ostrich (Struthio camelus) bones derived heterogeneous catalyst. Fuel 277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118091"},{"key":"37762_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106542","author":"P Maneechakr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maneechakr P, Karnjanakom S (2021) Systematic production of biodiesel fuel from palm oil over porous K2O@CaO catalyst derived from waste chicken eggshell via RSM\/kinetic\/thermodynamic studies. J Environ Chem Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106542","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"key":"37762_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.06.071","volume":"123","author":"T Maneerung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maneerung T, Kawi S, Dai Y, Wang CH (2016) Sustainable biodiesel production via transesterification of waste cooking oil by using CaO catalysts prepared from chicken manure. Energy Convers Manag 123:487\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.06.071","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"37762_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09724","author":"TG Mengistu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mengistu TG, Reshad AS (2022) Synthesis and characterization of a heterogeneous catalyst from a mixture of waste animal teeth and bone for castor seed oil biodiesel production. Heliyon. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09724","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"37762_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2023.101659","volume":"24","author":"RM Meraz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meraz RM, Rahman MM, Hassan T, Al Rifat A, Adib AR (2023) A review on algae biodiesel as an automotive fuel. Bioresour Technol Rep 24:101659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biteb.2023.101659","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol Rep"},{"key":"37762_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6663722","author":"KC Mmusi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mmusi KC, Odisitse S, Nareetsile F (2021) Comparison of CaO-NPs and chicken eggshell-derived CaO in the production of biodiesel from Schinziophyton rautanenii (Mongongo) nut oil. J Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6663722","journal-title":"J Chem"},{"key":"37762_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexus.2023.100209","volume":"10","author":"Banga S Monika","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monika Banga S, Pathak VV (2023) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: a comprehensive review on the application of heterogenous catalysts. Energy Nexus 10:100209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nexus.2023.100209","journal-title":"Energy Nexus"},{"key":"37762_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.122749","volume":"314","author":"M Mulyatun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mulyatun M, Prameswari J, Istadi I, Widayat W (2022) Production of non-food feedstock based biodiesel using acid-base bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts: a review. Fuel 314:122749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.122749","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37762_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200800064","volume":"110","author":"PM Nielsen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nielsen PM, Brask J, Fjerbaek L (2008) Enzymatic biodiesel production: technical and economical considerations. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 110:692\u2013700","journal-title":"Eur J Lipid Sci Technol"},{"issue":"9","key":"37762_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2016.02.008","volume":"24","author":"F Ouanji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouanji F, Nachid M, Kacimi M, Liotta LF, Puleo F, Ziyad M (2016) Small scale biodiesel synthesis from waste frying oil and crude methanol in Morocco. Chin J Chem Eng 24(9):1178\u20131185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjche.2016.02.008","journal-title":"Chin J Chem Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"37762_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MSEC.2012.08.014","volume":"33","author":"C Piccirillo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Piccirillo C, Silva MF, Pullar RC, Braga Da Cruz I, Jorge R, Pintado MME, Castro PML (2013) Extraction and characterisation of apatite- and tricalcium phosphate-based materials from cod fish bones. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 33(1):103\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MSEC.2012.08.014","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"37762_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2023.103539","volume":"60","author":"HC Puchakayala","year":"2023","unstructured":"Puchakayala HC, Viswanathan A, Abrar I, Rajamohan N (2023) Maximizing the potential of biodiesel through nanoparticle assistance: a review of key factors affecting performance and emissions. Sustain Energy Technol Assessments 60:103539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seta.2023.103539","journal-title":"Sustain Energy Technol Assessments"},{"key":"37762_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/469176","author":"I Raya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raya I, Mayasari E, Yahya A, Syahrul M, Latunra AI (2015) Shynthesis and characterizations of calcium hydroxyapatite derived from crabs shells (Portunus pelagicus) and its potency in safeguard against to dental demineralizations. Int J Biomater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/469176","journal-title":"Int J Biomater"},{"key":"37762_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RENENE.2021.05.060","volume":"176","author":"S Rezania","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rezania S, Korrani ZS, Gabris MA, Cho J, Yadav KK, Cabral-Pinto MMS, Alam J, Ahamed M, Nodeh HR (2021) Lanthanum phosphate foam as novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Renew Energy 176:228\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.RENENE.2021.05.060","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"issue":"67","key":"37762_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41065","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA07711A","volume":"10","author":"B Rezki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rezki B, Essamlali Y, Aadil M, Semlal N, Zahouily M (2020) Biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and low free fatty acid waste cooking oil using a cesium modified natural phosphate catalyst. RSC Adv 10(67):41065\u201341077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0RA07711A","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"37762_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.111913","volume":"12","author":"B Rezki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rezki B, Essamlali Y, Amadine O, Sair S, Aadil M, Len C, Zahouily M (2024) A comprehensive review on apatite-derived catalysts for sustainable biodiesel production: classification, features and challenges. J Environ Chem Eng 12:111913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2024.111913","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"key":"37762_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saetiao P, Kongrit N, Cheng CK, Jitjamnong J, Direksilp C, Khantikulanon N (2023) Catalytic conversion of palm oil into sustainable biodiesel using rice straw ash supported-calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst: Process simulation and techno-economic analysis. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscee.2023.100432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2023.100432"},{"key":"37762_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CEJ.2014.09.088","volume":"262","author":"M S\u00e1nchez","year":"2015","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez M, Marchetti JM, el Boulifi N, Aracil J, Mart\u00ednez M (2015) Kinetics of Jojoba oil methanolysis using a waste from fish industry as catalyst. Chem Eng J 262:640\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CEJ.2014.09.088","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"37762_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128874","author":"SD Shelare","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shelare SD, Belkhode PN, Nikam KC, Jathar LD, Shahapurkar K, Soudagar MEM, Veza I, Khan TMY, Kalam MA, Nizami AS, Rehan M (2023) Biofuels for a sustainable future: examining the role of nano-additives, economics, policy, internet of things, artificial intelligence and machine learning technology in biodiesel production. Energy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128874","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"37762_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.9767\/bcrec.14.1.3327.153-157","volume":"14","author":"S Sulaiman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sulaiman S, Jamaludin NFA, Kabbashi NA (2019) Development of CaO\/PVA catalyst from fish bone for biodiesel production. Bull Chem React Eng Catal 14(1):153\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9767\/bcrec.14.1.3327.153-157","journal-title":"Bull Chem React Eng Catal"},{"key":"37762_CR60","unstructured":"Tan Y, Luo S, Liu Y, Li J (2019a) Hydroxyapatite applications in environmental monitoring and treatment advances in chemical engineering"},{"key":"37762_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APENERGY.2015.09.023","volume":"160","author":"YH Tan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tan YH, Abdullah MO, Nolasco-Hipolito C, Taufiq-Yap YH (2015) Waste ostrich- and chicken-eggshells as heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from used cooking oil: catalyst characterization and biodiesel yield performance. Appl Energy 160:58\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.APENERGY.2015.09.023","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"37762_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/J.RENENE.2019.02.110","volume":"139","author":"YH Tan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tan YH, Abdullah MO, Kansedo J, Mubarak NM, Chan YS, Nolasco-Hipolito C (2019b) Biodiesel production from used cooking oil using green solid catalyst derived from calcined fusion waste chicken and fish bones. Renew Energy 139:696\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.RENENE.2019.02.110","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"37762_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang S, Zhao H, Song Z, Olubajo O (2013) Glymes as benign co-solvents for CaO-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.04.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.04.022"},{"key":"37762_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.3390\/en14041031","volume":"14","author":"JA Taviz\u00f3n-Pozos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taviz\u00f3n-Pozos JA, Chavez-Esquivel G, Su\u00e1rez-Toriello VA, Santolalla-Vargas CE, Lu\u00e9vano-Rivas OA, Vald\u00e9s-Mart\u00ednez OU, Talavera-L\u00f3pez A, Rodriguez JA (2021) State of art of alkaline earth metal oxides catalysts used in the transesterification of oils for biodiesel production. Energies (Basel) 14:1031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14041031","journal-title":"Energies (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"37762_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FUEL.2011.07.013","volume":"92","author":"N Viriya-Empikul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Viriya-Empikul N, Krasae P, Nualpaeng W, Yoosuk B, Faungnawakij K (2012) Biodiesel production over Ca-based solid catalysts derived from industrial wastes. Fuel 92(1):239\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FUEL.2011.07.013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"37762_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.080","volume":"669","author":"V Volli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Volli V, Purkait MK, Shu CM (2019) Preparation and characterization of animal bone powder impregnated fly ash catalyst for transesterification. Sci Total Environ 669:314\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.080","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"37762_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APT.2017.02.001","volume":"28","author":"SC Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu SC, Hsu HC, Hsu SK, Tseng CP, Ho WF (2017) Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite synthesized from oyster shell powders. Adv Powder Technol 28(4):1154\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.APT.2017.02.001","journal-title":"Adv Powder Technol"},{"key":"37762_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ya\u015far F (2019) Biodiesel production via waste eggshell as a low-cost heterogeneous catalyst: Its effects on some critical fuel properties and comparison with CaO. Fuel 255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.115828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.115828"},{"key":"37762_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENCONMAN.2016.01.026","volume":"112","author":"X Yin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yin X, Duan X, You Q, Dai C, Tan Z, Zhu X (2016) Biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate usingcalcined duck eggshell as catalyst. Energy Convers Manage 112:199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ENCONMAN.2016.01.026","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"37762_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang H, Zhou L, Huang X (2023) Upgrading MnO2@CuO with GO as a superior heterogeneous nanocatalyst for transesterification of dairy waste oils to biodiesel through electrolysis procedure. Mater Today Sustain 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtsust.2023.100607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtsust.2023.100607"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37762-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37762-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37762-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:30:29Z","timestamp":1778218229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37762-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["37762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-026-37762-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}