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The FeSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    obtained as an intermediate product was converted to Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    (final product), which was used as a coagulant in water treatment. The iron contents of the coarse and fine BOF sludge fractions were 82.51\u00a0\u00b1 0.02% and 45.6\u00a0\u00b1 0.5% (dry basis), respectively. Iron was recovered from the sludge fractions by acid leaching with H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    solution, followed by the addition of ethanol to the leachate to crystallize FeSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , from which ferric coagulants were obtained by oxidation reaction with H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The performance of the coagulants was evaluated using the jar test method. The optimum condition for the production of FeSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    from the fine fraction of the BOF sludge was established using a desirability function. This resulted in the formation of 13.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0g of FeSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u20277H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O from 7.00\u00a0g of waste, with a high yield of 91\u2009\u00b1\u20091%, using 13% (v\/v) H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    solution, a leaching time of 140\u00a0min, and 120\u00a0mL of ethanol. The phase composition of the FeSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    produced from the coarse and fine fractions of BOF sludge achieved high turbidity removals (95\u2009\u00b1\u20091% and 94.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9%, respectively), demonstrating its potential as a coagulant. Performance was compared with a commercial coagulant (polyaluminum chloride), confirming competitive efficiency (97\u2009\u00b1\u20091%). In addition, bench-scale production costs of ferric coagulants were estimated, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess economic feasibility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37973-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:02:37Z","timestamp":1783094557000},"page":"10607-10625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ferric coagulants produced from basic oxygen furnace sludge\u2014Part II: optimization of ferrous sulfate production and application of ferric coagulants in water treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2935-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Cardoso","family":"Maia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazielle Rocha","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andressa Rezende","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmim Arantes","family":"da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro Vin\u00edcius Alves","family":"Gurgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corn\u00e9lio","family":"de Freitas Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"37973_CR1","volume-title":"NBR 12216 - Public water supply systems - Designs of water treatment works - procedure","author":"ABNT","year":"1992","unstructured":"ABNT (1992) NBR 12216 - Public water supply systems - Designs of water treatment works - procedure. 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