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This study evaluated the acute and chronic toxicity of a commercial pyroligneous extract to the springtail\n                    <jats:italic>Folsomia candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Tropical Artificial Soil. Standardized bioassays were conducted using eight concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 2, 4, and 6%). Survival and reproduction were assessed after 28\u00a0days of exposure, and ecotoxicological thresholds were estimated using dose\u2013response analyses. Significant effects on survival were observed at 0.2% and 4.0%; however, mortality did not reach 50% at any tested concentration, preventing the estimation of the LC50. The survival pattern suggested a non-monotonic response. Reproduction was the most sensitive endpoint, showing significant reductions from the lowest tested concentration (0.1%), with an EC50 of 3.39% estimated using a nonlinear logistic model. pyroligneous extract may cause relevant sublethal effects on soil fauna and highlight the importance of reproductive endpoints for environmental risk assessment and the establishment of environmentally safe application thresholds in tropical soils.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37996-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T14:22:04Z","timestamp":1783520524000},"page":"11566-11574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toxicity of pyroligneous extract to Folsomia candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola: Isotomidae) in Tropical Artificial Soil"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7621-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariane Sommer","family":"Rebolho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9665-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa Mignon Dalla","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3628-9964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie Caroline Hirt","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3236-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via Alves","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6079-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Din\u00e9ia","family":"Tessaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"37996_CR1","unstructured":"ABNT - Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Normas T\u00e9cnicas (2011) NBR ISO 11267: Qualidade do solo \u2013 Inibi\u00e7\u00e3o da reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de Collembola (Folsomia candida) por poluentes do solo. 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