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Developing efficient and sustainable remediation strategies is therefore critical. Here we evaluate for the first time the mechanisms controlling Hg and methylmercury (CH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    Hg\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) removal using nanobiochar derived from a\u00e7a\u00ed (\n                    <jats:italic>Euterpe oleracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    Mart) seed residues and its thiol-functionalized counterpart. Nanobiochar (&lt;\u200950\u00a0nm) was produced via pyrolysis at 600\u00a0\u00b0C and chemically modified to enhance sorption performance. Thiol functionalization increased maximum sorption capacities by 29% for Hg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    (from 299 to 385\u00a0mg\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and 61% for CH\u2083Hg\u207a (from 102 to 164\u00a0ng\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), while also reducing desorption. Spectroscopic analyses (XPS and EXAFS) revealed that Hg immobilization was primarily driven by the formation of stable Hg\u2013S species, including metacinnabar (\u03b2-HgS), highlighting a shift from weaker ionic interactions to covalent bonding. This mechanistic evidence demonstrates that surface functionalization not only enhances sorption capacity but also promotes long-term stability of retained Hg species. By coupling waste valorization with advanced spectroscopic insights, this study provides a novel framework for designing high-performance materials for Hg remediation in contaminated environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-38003-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T16:17:56Z","timestamp":1784650676000},"page":"12272-12289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms of mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (CH3Hg+) removal by pristine and thiol-modified a\u00e7a\u00ed waste nanobiochar"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Matheus B.","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis C. 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