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In this study, road dust collected at seven (7) cities in\u00a0eastern USA was analyzed for 11 potential toxic elements (PTEs, e.g., Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ni, Fe, Mo, V, Co, Cd, Pb) and examined for their characteristics, sources, and potential health risks. Multivariate statistical analyses show the regional difference between northeastern (Trenton, NJ; Wilmington, DE), Piedmont (Richmond, VA; Raleigh, NC; Greensboro, NC), and southeastern cities (Charleston, SC; Augusta, GA; outlining the spatial variability of eastern USA\u00a0 road dust sources. Above-unit enrichment factors (EFs\u2009&gt;\u20091) from Cu, Zn, Mo, and Ni imply accumulation from non-natural sources, such as non-exhaust traffic emissions and industrial activities. Hazardous PTEs (e.g., Pb, As, Cd) exhibited EFs\u2009&lt;\u20091, reflecting their historical input in surveyed cities, and were associated with low-income communities. Source apportionment approaches estimate a one-third contribution from hazardous PTEs (coal combustion, insecticide use) and two-thirds from other prominent urban sources (waste incinerators, vehicle emissions, and industrial activities). Trenton, Raleigh, and Greensboro also see a higher respirable dust fraction (&lt;\u200910\u00a0\u00b5m) than other cities, leading to potentially higher inhalation health risk. Hazard index (HI) estimation shows overall 4.5-times higher values in children than adults across all cities, with Augusta, GA exhibiting elevated hazard exposure (HI\u2009&gt;\u20091). Insights from this study revealed the spatial variability of road dust PTEs levels, complemented domestic legacy contaminant work, and revealed new source information for residential areas over the East Coast to highlight potential environmental impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-38034-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T06:12:41Z","timestamp":1783404761000},"page":"10936-10953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tracing spatial mid-size Eastern U.S. cities road dust pollution: insights from source apportionment and health risk assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8712-5620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh Tri","family":"Truong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chattan T.","family":"Haselden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh-Chi","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin B.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"38034_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52815-0","volume":"9","author":"E Adamiec","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adamiec E, Jarosz-Krzemi\u0144ska E (2019) Human health risk assessment associated with contaminants in the finest fraction of sidewalk dust collected in proximity to trafficked roads. 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