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Phthalates are released from the products to which they are added, leading to environmental exposure for humans and wildlife. Recent studies of bottlenose dolphin (\n                    <jats:italic>Tursiops truncatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) urine have demonstrated prevalent exposure to phthalates. This study developed a protocol for phthalate ester metabolite (mPAE) detection in bottlenose dolphin blubber (~\u2009200\u00a0mg), a matrix that can be sampled remotely, and has been used to assess contaminant exposure (e.g., persistent organic pollutants and trace metals) in cetaceans in the past. Sonication in ammonium acetate, solid-phase extraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were used to extract and quantify mPAEs in blubber, and the finalized method was applied to samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u200927) collected during dolphin health assessments conducted in Sarasota Bay, FL, USA in 2016, 2017, 2022, and 2023. Detectable concentrations of three mPAEs (mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP;\n                    <jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u20096; censored mean: 3.0\u00a0ng\/g wet weight; 5.2\u201312.4\u00a0ng\/g ww), monoethyl phthalate (MEP;\n                    <jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u20092; ng\/g ww; 39.7\u201350.1\u00a0ng\/g ww), monoisodecyl phthalate (MIDP;\n                    <jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u20093; 26.0\u201327.4\u00a0ng\/g ww)) were observed across the dataset, with at least one mPAE detected in 37% of sampled dolphins. Blubber provides a remote sampling option to investigate PAE exposure, particularly high-molecular-weight compounds, in populations where health assessments are not feasible. Blubber samples of the size analyzed in this study can be obtained via remote biopsy dart sampling, a method used globally to monitor contaminants in marine mammals. This approach facilitates exposure assessments in at-risk or remote populations, increases the efficiency of field sampling efforts, and reduces stress for animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-38215-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:05:39Z","timestamp":1789157139000},"page":"15553-15567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and application of a blubber-based detection protocol for phthalate ester metabolites in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3812-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggie A.","family":"Knight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Pisarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall S.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda K.","family":"Dziobak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward F.","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Sandifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Moors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie B.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"38215_CR1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008) Phthalates | Chemical classifications | Toxic Substance Portal. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/tsp\/substances\/ToxChemicalListing.aspx?toxid=41"},{"key":"38215_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.115936","volume":"199","author":"C Andvik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andvik C, Bories P, Harju M, Borg\u00e5 K, Jourdain E, Karoliussen R, Rikardsen A, Routti H, Bl\u00e9vin P (2024) Phthalate contamination in marine mammals off the Norwegian coast. 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Blubber samples analyzed in this study (2016\u20132023) were collected during routine, periodic, catch-and-release health assessments conducted under Scientific Research Permits #522-1785, #15543, #20455, and #26622 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). All catch-and-release and sampling methodologies for the health assessments were reviewed and approved annually by Mote Marine Laboratory\u2019s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have explicitly consented to the publication of this research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This report has been reviewed and approved for publication according to NOAA\u2019s Scientific Integrity Policy and Fundamental Research Communications (FRC) framework, and the National Ocean Service (NOS) process for FRC review. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors, and they do not necessarily reflect those of NOAA. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use by the US government.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"NOAA disclaimer","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Identification of certain commercial equipment, instruments, software, or materials does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the products identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"NIST disclaimer","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}