{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:53:09Z","timestamp":1790977989400,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-38240-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:25:29Z","timestamp":1790126729000},"page":"15849-15864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating factor analysis and support vector machine for digital mapping of soil quality using DEM-derived geomorphometric variable"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Samira","family":"Hemmati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7929-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Moravej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Golchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Sadegh","family":"Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"38240_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40068-025-00402-w","volume":"14","author":"W Abiye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abiye W, Dengiz O (2025) Digital mapping of soil erodibility factor in response to land use change using machine learning models. Environ Syst Res 14(1):14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40068-025-00402-w","journal-title":"Environ Syst Res"},{"key":"38240_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/land13030379","volume":"13","author":"OD Adeniyi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adeniyi OD, Bature H, Mearker M (2024) A systematic review on digital soil mapping approaches in lowland areas. Land 13:379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land13030379","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"38240_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2015.08.009","volume":"262","author":"K Adhikari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adhikari K, Hartemink AE (2016) Linking soils to ecosystem services\u2014a global review. Geoderma 262:101\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2015.08.009","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"2","key":"38240_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s41748-024-00565-z","volume":"9","author":"MAH Alogaidi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alogaidi MAH, Asadzadeh F, Rezapour S, Khosravi Aqdam K, Shabani F (2025) A quantitative evaluation of landscape patterns\u2019 impact on soil quality: a regional-scale case study. Earth Syst Environ 9(2):1021\u20131036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41748-024-00565-z","journal-title":"Earth Syst Environ"},{"key":"38240_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c41","volume-title":"Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties","author":"JP Anderson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Anderson JP (1982) Soil respiration. In: Page AL (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 831\u2013887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c41"},{"issue":"12","key":"38240_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2010.06.026","volume":"42","author":"TH Anderson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anderson TH, Domsch KH (2010) Soil microbial biomass: the eco-physiological approach. Soil Biol Biochem 42(12):2039\u20132043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soilbio.2010.06.026","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"38240_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(01)00174-8","volume":"90","author":"SS Andrews","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andrews SS, Karlen DL, Mitchell JP (2002) A comparison of soil quality indexing methods for vegetable production systems in Northern California. Agric Ecosyst Environ 90(1):25\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0167-8809(01)00174-8","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"38240_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2004.1945","volume":"68","author":"SS Andrews","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andrews SS, Karlen DL, Cambardella CA (2004) The soil management assessment framework: a quantitative soil quality evaluation method. Soil Sci Soc Am J 68:1945\u20131962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssaj2004.1945","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am J"},{"key":"38240_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2014.04.019","volume":"230\u2013231","author":"MS Askari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Askari MS, Holden NM (2014) Indices for quantitative evaluation of soil quality under grassland management. Geoderma 230\u2013231:131\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2014.04.019","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"38240_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105343","volume":"203","author":"Y Bamutaze","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bamutaze Y, Meadows ME, Mwanjalolo M, Musinguzi P (2021) Effect of land use systems and topographical attributes on the condition of surface soil physicochemical properties in a highland catchment of the Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda. CATENA 203:105343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105343","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"issue":"7","key":"38240_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(97)00030-8","volume":"29","author":"T Beck","year":"1997","unstructured":"Beck T, Joergensen RG, Kandeler E, Makeschin F, Nuss E, Oberholzer HR, Scheu S (1997) An inter-laboratory comparison of ten different ways of measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biol Biochem 29(7):1023\u20131032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0038-0717(97)00030-8","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"38240_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667909491834","volume":"24","author":"KJ Beven","year":"1979","unstructured":"Beven KJ, Kirkby MJ (1979) A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology\/Un mod\u00e8le \u00e0 base physique de zone d\u2019appel variable de l\u2019hydrologie du bassin versant. Hydrol Sci J 24(1):43\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02626667909491834","journal-title":"Hydrol Sci J"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"38240_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7061(01)00071-4","volume":"103","author":"TFA Bishop","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bishop TFA, McBratney AB, Whelan BM (2001) Measuring the quality of digital soil maps using information criteria. Geoderma 103(1\u20132):95\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0016-7061(01)00071-4","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"38240_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blake GR, Hartge KH (1986) Bulk density. In: Klute A (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods. 2nd edn. Agronomy Monograph 9, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 363\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c13","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c13"},{"issue":"4","key":"38240_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-195204000-00001","volume":"73","author":"CA Bower","year":"1952","unstructured":"Bower CA, Reitemeier RF, Fireman M (1952) Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Soil Sci 73(4):251\u2013262","journal-title":"Soil Sci"},{"key":"38240_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c31","volume-title":"Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties","author":"JM Bremner","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bremner JM, Mulvaney CS (1982) Nitrogen-total. In: Page AL (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 595\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c31"},{"key":"38240_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.01.030","volume":"120","author":"EK B\u00fcnemann","year":"2018","unstructured":"B\u00fcnemann EK, Bongiorno G, Bai Z, Creamer RE, De Deyn G, De Goede R, Fleskens L, Geissen V, Kuyper TW, M\u00e4der P, Pulleman M (2018) Soil quality\u2013a critical review. Soil Biol Biochem 120:105\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.01.030","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"38240_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s44378-025-00082-z","volume":"2","author":"SA De Caires","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Caires SA, Martin CS, Atwell MA, Kaya F, Wuddivira GA, Wuddivira MN (2025) Advancing soil mapping and management using geostatistics and integrated machine learning and remote sensing techniques: a synoptic review. Discov Soil 2(1):53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44378-025-00082-z","journal-title":"Discov Soil"},{"key":"38240_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105412","volume":"204","author":"F Derakhshan-Babaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Derakhshan-Babaei F, Nosrati K, Mirghaed FA, Egli M (2021) The interrelation between landform, land-use, erosion and soil quality in the Kan catchment of the Tehran province, central Iran. CATENA 204:105412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105412","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"issue":"4","key":"38240_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1504\/IJGW.2022.124625","volume":"27","author":"T Dindaroglu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dindaroglu T, Tunguz V, Babur E, Alkharabsheh HM, Seleiman MF, Roy R, Zakharchenko E (2022) The use of remote sensing to characterise geomorphometry and soil properties at watershed scale. Int J Glob Warm 27(4):402\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/IJGW.2022.124625","journal-title":"Int J Glob Warm"},{"issue":"3","key":"38240_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/02723646.2021.1961361","volume":"44","author":"T Dindaroglu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dindaroglu T, Tunguz V, Babur E, Menshov O, Battaglia ML (2023) Determination of the relationship among compound Topographic Index (CTI), soil properties and land-use in karst ecosystems. Phys Geogr 44(3):307\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02723646.2021.1961361","journal-title":"Phys Geogr"},{"key":"38240_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doran JW, Parkin TB (1994) Defining and assessing soil quality. In: Doran JW, Coleman DC, Bezdicek DF, Stewart BA (eds) Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. SSSA Special Publication 35, SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 3\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssaspecpub35.c1","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaspecpub35.c1"},{"issue":"8","key":"38240_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14081682","volume":"14","author":"RA El Behairy","year":"2024","unstructured":"El Behairy RA, El Arwash HM, El Baroudy AA, Ibrahim MM, Mohamed ES, Kucher DE, Shokr MS (2024) How can soil quality be accurately and quickly studied? A review. Agronomy 14(8):1682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/agronomy14081682","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"38240_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2025.117558","volume":"463","author":"J Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao J, Zhang J, Gong Y, Yang K, Quan W, Li L, Wu Y, Wang R, Cheng H (2025) A robust soil quality index for mountain ecosystems driven by XGBoost and network analysis. Geoderma 463:117558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2025.117558","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"38240_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gee GW, Bauder JM (1986) Particle-size analysis. In: Klute A (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods. 2nd edn. Agronomy Monograph 9, ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 383\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15"},{"key":"38240_CR26","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective","author":"JF Hair","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hair JF, Anderson RE, Babin BJ, Black WC (2010) Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective, 7th edn. Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ","edition":"7th edn"},{"key":"38240_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2023.116740","volume":"441","author":"F Hateffard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hateffard F, Steinbuch L, Heuvelink GB (2024) Evaluating the extrapolation potential of random forest digital soil mapping. Geoderma 441:116740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2023.116740","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"4","key":"38240_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10286","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22846-8","volume":"30","author":"S Hemmati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hemmati S, Yaghmaeian N, Farhangi MB, Sabouri A (2023) Soil quality assessment of paddy fields (in Northern Iran) with different productivities: establishing the critical limits of minimum data set indicators. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(4):10286\u201310296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-22846-8","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"38240_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575","volume":"39","author":"HF Kaiser","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kaiser HF (1974) An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 39(1):31\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02291575","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"38240_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1997.03615995006100010001x","volume":"61","author":"DL Karlen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Karlen DL, Mausbach MJ, Doran JW, Cline RG, Harris RF, Schuman GE (1997) Soil quality: a concept, definition, and framework for evaluation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 61(1):4\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssaj1997.03615995006100010001x","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am J"},{"key":"38240_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c13","volume-title":"Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties","author":"D Knudsen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Knudsen D, Peterson GA, Pratt PF (1982) Lithium, sodium, and potassium. In: Page AL (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd edn. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 225\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c13","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"38240_CR32","unstructured":"Lambert RS (2007) Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology.\u00a0Quaternary perspectives from the City of Sails. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 778. ISBN 9781107016934"},{"key":"38240_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203357132","volume-title":"Digital terrain modeling: principles and methodology","author":"Z Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhu C, Gold C (2004) Digital terrain modeling: principles and methodology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL"},{"key":"38240_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2025.108973","volume":"254","author":"L Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu L, Qin F, Sheng Y, Li L, Dong X, Zhang S, Shen C (2025) Soil quality evaluation and limiting factor analysis in different microtopographies of hilly and gully region based on minimum data set. CATENA 254:108973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.catena.2025.108973","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"38240_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7061(03)00223-4","volume":"117","author":"AB McBratney","year":"2003","unstructured":"McBratney AB, Santos MM, Minasny B (2003) On digital soil mapping. Geoderma 117(1\u20132):3\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0016-7061(03)00223-4","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"38240_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-18773-5.00032-6","volume-title":"Remote sensing of soils","author":"PC Moharana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moharana PC, Jena RK, Yadav B, Naitam R, Kumar N, Pradhan UK, Sharma GK (2024) Digital soil mapping algorithm for soil quality assessment and monitoring: a case study in desert ecosystem of India. Remote sensing of soils. Elsevier, pp 229\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-443-18773-5.00032-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"38240_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360050103","volume":"5","author":"ID Moore","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moore ID, Grayson RB, Ladson AR (1991) Digital terrain modelling: a review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications. Hydrol Process 5(1):3\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hyp.3360050103","journal-title":"Hydrol Process"},{"issue":"2","key":"38240_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1993.03615995005700020026x","volume":"57","author":"ID Moore","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moore ID, Gessler PE, Nielsen GAE, Peterson GA (1993) Soil attribute prediction using terrain analysis. Soil Sci Soc Am J 57(2):443\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssaj1993.03615995005700020026x","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am J"},{"issue":"9","key":"38240_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-023-10919-x","volume":"82","author":"A Mousavi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mousavi A, Karimi A, Maleki S, Safari T, Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi R (2023) Digital mapping of selected soil properties using machine learning and geostatistical techniques in Mashhad plain, northeastern Iran. Environ Earth Sci 82(9):234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12665-023-10919-x","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci"},{"key":"38240_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2017.12.024","volume":"318","author":"K Nabiollahi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nabiollahi K, Golmohamadi F, Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi R, Kerry R, Davari M (2018) Assessing the effects of slope gradient and land use change on soil quality degradation through digital mapping of soil quality indices and soil loss rate. Geoderma 318:16\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2017.12.024","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"38240_CR41","unstructured":"Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS, Dean LA (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 939, Washington, DC"},{"key":"38240_CR42","volume-title":"Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties","author":"AL Page","year":"1982","unstructured":"Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (1982) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd edn. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI","edition":"2nd edn"},{"issue":"2","key":"38240_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-025-01748-6","volume":"18","author":"K Phinzi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Phinzi K, Bertalan L, Chakilu GG, Szab\u00f3 S (2025) Improving the spatial prediction of topsoil properties in a typical grazing area using multi-season PlanetScope spectral covariates and data mining techniques. Earth Sci Inform 18(2):222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12145-025-01748-6","journal-title":"Earth Sci Inform"},{"key":"38240_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qi Y, Darilek JL, Huang B, Zhao Y, Sun W, Gu Z (2009) Evaluating soil quality indices in an agricultural region of Jiangsu Province, China. Geoderma 149(3\u20134):325\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2008.12.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2008.12.015"},{"issue":"6","key":"38240_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/land12061263","volume":"12","author":"F Qian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qian F, Yu Y, Dong X, Gu H (2023) Soil quality evaluation based on a minimum data set (MDS)\u2014A case study of Tieling County, Northeast China. Land 12(6):1263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land12061263","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"38240_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.12.003","volume":"40","author":"F Rahmanipour","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rahmanipour F, Marzaioli R, Bahrami HA, Fereidouni Z, Bandarabadi SR (2014) Assessment of soil quality indices in agricultural lands of Qazvin Province, Iran. Ecol Indic 40:19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.12.003","journal-title":"Ecol Indic"},{"issue":"3","key":"38240_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-021-01345-8","volume":"8","author":"F Raiesi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raiesi F, Tavakoli M (2022) Developing a soil quality index model for assessing landscape-level soil quality along a toposequence in almond orchards using factor analysis. Model Earth Syst Environ 8(3):4035\u20134050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40808-021-01345-8","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst Environ"},{"key":"38240_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2025.106591","volume":"252","author":"K Rangzan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rangzan K, Abdehvand ZZ, Mousavi SR, Karimi D (2025) Spatial analysis of soil quality in agricultural land using machine learning and environmental covariates: A case study of Khuzestan Province. Soil Tillage Res 252:106591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.still.2025.106591","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"key":"38240_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c10","volume-title":"Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties","author":"JD Rhoades","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rhoades JD (1982) Soluble salts. In: Page AL (ed) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd edn. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 167\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c10","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"38240_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106077","volume":"212","author":"H Shafizadeh-Moghadam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shafizadeh-Moghadam H, Minaei F, Talebi-khiavi H, Xu T, Homaee M (2022) Synergetic use of multi-temporal Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, NDVI, and topographic factors for estimating soil organic carbon. CATENA 212:106077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106077","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"issue":"1","key":"38240_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.12691\/ajams-9-1-2","volume":"9","author":"N Shrestha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shrestha N (2021) Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. Am J Appl Math Stat 9(1):4\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12691\/ajams-9-1-2","journal-title":"Am J Appl Math Stat"},{"key":"38240_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geodrs.2025.e00917","volume":"40","author":"Z Shuite","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shuite Z, Demessie A, Abebe T (2025) Land use effect on soil quality and its implication to soil carbon storage in Aleta Chuko. Ethiopia. Geoderma Reg 40:e00917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geodrs.2025.e00917","journal-title":"Ethiopia. Geoderma Reg"},{"issue":"2","key":"38240_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2005.03.011","volume":"87","author":"MK Shukla","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shukla MK, Lal R, Ebinger M (2006) Determining soil quality indicators by factor analysis. Soil Tillage Res 87(2):194\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.still.2005.03.011","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"key":"38240_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114793","volume":"383","author":"R Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi R, Schmidt K, Toomanian N, Heung B, Behrens T, Mosavi A, Band SS, Amirian-Chakan A, Fathabadi A, Scholten T (2021) Improving the spatial prediction of soil salinity in arid regions using wavelet transformation and support vector regression models. Geoderma 383:114793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114793","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"38240_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2025.114509","volume":"182","author":"YK Tian","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tian YK, Peng XH, Chen XL, Liu SW, Wu YC, Deng H (2026) Study on the applicability of agricultural soil quality response models in urbanization regions. Ecol Indic 182:114509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2025.114509","journal-title":"Ecol Indic"},{"key":"38240_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.105042","volume":"198","author":"D Vasu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vasu D, Tiwari G, Sahoo S, Dash B, Jangir A, Sharma RP, Naitam R, Tiwary P, Karthikeyan K, Chandran P (2021) A minimum data set of soil morphological properties for quantifying soil quality in coastal agroecosystems. CATENA 198:105042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.catena.2020.105042","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"38240_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-193401000-00003","volume":"37","author":"A Walkley","year":"1934","unstructured":"Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29\u201337","journal-title":"Soil Sci"},{"key":"38240_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2018.08.013","volume":"185","author":"H Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhang H, Liu Y (2019) Using a posterior probability support vector machine model to assess soil quality in Taiyuan, China. Soil Tillage Res 185:146\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.still.2018.08.013","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"key":"38240_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.114139","volume":"363","author":"M Zeraatpisheh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeraatpisheh M, Bakhshandeh E, Hosseini M, Alavi SM (2020) Assessing the effects of deforestation and intensive agriculture on the soil quality through digital soil mapping. Geoderma 363:114139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.114139","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"7","key":"38240_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-025-04072-0","volume":"25","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Hu C, Luo Z (2025) Digital mapping of soil organic matter using a particle swarm optimization algorithm and machine learning algorithms. J Soils Sediments 25(7):2269\u20132283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11368-025-04072-0","journal-title":"J Soils Sediments"},{"key":"38240_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125687","volume":"246","author":"M Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu M, Yang S, Ai S, Ai X, Jiang X, Chen J, Li R, Ai Y (2020) Artificial soil nutrient, aggregate stability and soil quality index of restored cut slopes along altitude gradient in southwest China. Chemosphere 246:125687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125687","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-38240-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-026-38240-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-38240-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:02:07Z","timestamp":1790974927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11356-026-38240-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["38240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-026-38240-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All authors certify that no ethical approval was required for the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. All authors certify that the research subject of this manuscript does not raise any ethical concerns.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this research.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}