{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:35:55Z","timestamp":1793061355731,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Sci Pollut Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-38282-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:28:14Z","timestamp":1791664094000},"page":"17249-17263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thyme essential oil (Thymus vulgaris) modulates methane mitigation and rumen fermentation in vitro: a dose\u2013response study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Gouda A.","family":"Gouda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam H.","family":"Azzaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarek A.","family":"Morsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omayma A.","family":"Ghazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Kholif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"38282_CR1","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis of AOAC International","author":"AOAC","year":"1997","unstructured":"AOAC (1997) Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed. AOAC International, Washington DC","edition":"16th ed"},{"key":"38282_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27072227","volume":"27","author":"G Benetel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benetel G, Silva TDS, Fagundes GM, Welter KC, Melo FA, Lobo AAG, Muir JP, Bueno ICS (2022) Essential oils as in vitro ruminal fermentation manipulators to mitigate methane emission by beef cattle grazing tropical grasses. Molecules 27:2227","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"38282_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19970089","volume":"77","author":"M Bl\u00fcmmel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bl\u00fcmmel M, Steingass H, Becker K (1997) The relationship between in vitro gas production, in vitro microbial biomass yield and 15N incorporation and its implications for the prediction of voluntary feed intake of roughages. Br J Nutr 77:911\u2013921","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"38282_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-38231-1","volume":"16","author":"YM Chanu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chanu YM, Paul SS, Dey A, Andonissamy J (2026) Bioactive plant compounds reduce ammonia production in enrichment culture of ruminal hyper-ammonia producing bacteria. Sci Rep 16:8210","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"38282_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app142210261","volume":"14","author":"K Dobreva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dobreva K, Dimov M, Valev T, Iliev I, Damyanova S, Oprea OB, Stoyanova A (2024) Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of three Bulgarian garden thyme essential oils. Appl Sci 14:10261","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"38282_CR6","volume":"13","author":"K Etri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Etri K, Pluh\u00e1r Z (2024) Exploring chemical variability in the essential oils of the thymus genus. Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 13:1375","journal-title":"Plants (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"38282_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mps5040059","volume":"5","author":"R Fortina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fortina R, Glorio Patrucco S, Barbera S, Tassone S (2022) Rumen fluid from slaughtered animals: a standardized procedure for sampling, storage and use in digestibility trials. Methods Protoc 5:59","journal-title":"Methods Protoc"},{"key":"38282_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500000180","volume":"83","author":"J France","year":"2000","unstructured":"France J, Dijkstra J, Dhanoa MS, Lopez S, Bannink A (2000) Estimating the extent of degradation of ruminant feeds from a description of their gas production profiles observed in vitro: derivation of models and other mathematical considerations. Br J Nutr 83:143\u2013150","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"38282_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2026.103881","volume":"353","author":"J Gandhi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gandhi J, Shah V, Pandya R, Shah M, McClements DJ, Shah DO (2026) Microemulsions versus nanoemulsions: a comparative overview of features, formulation, and pharmaceutical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 353:103881","journal-title":"Adv Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"38282_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9099","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803601105","volume":"105","author":"J Gertsch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gertsch J, Leonti M, Raduner S, Racz I, Chen JZ, Xie XQ, Altmann KH, Karsak M, Zimmer A (2008) Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:9099\u20139104","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"38282_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128259","volume":"341","author":"OA Ghazy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghazy OA, Fouad MT, Saleh HH, Kholif AE, Morsy TA (2021) Ultrasound-assisted preparation of anise extract nanoemulsion and its bioactivity against different pathogenic bacteria. Food Chem 341:128259","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"38282_CR12","unstructured":"Goering HK, Van Soest PJ (1970) Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications). Agriculture Handbook No. 379. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC"},{"key":"38282_CR13","unstructured":"IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: The physical science basis. In\u00a0Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds.) Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, p 1535"},{"key":"38282_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2010.07.002","volume":"160","author":"PH Janssen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Janssen PH (2010) Influence of hydrogen on rumen methane formation and fermentation balances through microbial growth kinetics and fermentation thermodynamics. Anim Feed Sci Technol 160:1\u201322","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"38282_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09739-3","volume":"20","author":"AE Kholif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kholif AE, Olafadehan OA (2021) Essential oils and phytogenic feed additives in ruminant diet: chemistry, ruminal microbiota and fermentation, feed utilization and productive performance. Phytochem Rev 20:1087\u20131108","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"38282_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15231773","volume":"15","author":"AE Kholif","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kholif AE, Anele A, Chahine M, Anele UY (2025) Applications of nanotechnology in ruminant animal production: advances, challenges, and future prospects. Nanomaterials (Basel) 15:1773","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"38282_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2478\/aoas-2025-0054","volume":"26","author":"AE Kholif","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kholif AE, Olafadehan OA, Kholif AMM, Ghavipanje N, Vargas-Bello-P\u00e9rez E, Anele UY (2026) The role of encapsulated essential oils in reducing methane production from ruminant animals \u2013 a review. Ann Anim Sci 26:467\u2013486","journal-title":"Ann Anim Sci"},{"key":"38282_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14010068","volume":"14","author":"V Khwaza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khwaza V, Aderibigbe BA (2025) Antibacterial activity of selected essential oil components and their derivatives: a review. Antibiotics (Basel) 14:68","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"38282_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2110092118","volume":"118","author":"ST Krause","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krause ST, Liao P, Crocoll C, Boachon B, F\u00f6rster C, Leidecker F, Wiese N, Zhao D, Wood JC, Buell CR, Gershenzon J, Dudareva N, Degenhardt J (2021) The biosynthesis of thymol, carvacrol, and thymohydroquinone in Lamiaceae proceeds via cytochrome P450s and a short-chain dehydrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 118:e2110092118","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"38282_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation12020116","volume":"12","author":"M Liu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Liu M, Jiang W, Liu S, Yang C, Tao R, Li S, Xu Z, Hu Y, Luo Z, Fan C, Zhuo Z, Cheng J (2026) Effects of plant essential oils and their combinations on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics. Fermentation (Basel) 12:116","journal-title":"Fermentation (Basel)"},{"key":"38282_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2025.1610376","volume":"6","author":"S Malyugina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Malyugina S, Holik S, Horky P (2025) Mitigation strategies for methane emissions in ruminant livestock: a comprehensive review of current approaches and future perspectives. Front Anim Sci 6:1610376","journal-title":"Front Anim Sci"},{"key":"38282_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152261","volume":"15","author":"G M\u00e9ndez-Zamora","year":"2025","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-Zamora G, Kawas JR, Hern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez SP, Sobrevilla-Hern\u00e1ndez G, Sinagawa-Garc\u00eda SR, Rico-Costilla DS, L\u00f3pez-Puga JC (2025) Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating oregano oil: effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation from goat rumen fluid. Animals 15:2261","journal-title":"Animals : an open access journal from MDPI"},{"key":"38282_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600086305","volume":"93","author":"KH Menke","year":"1979","unstructured":"Menke KH, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D, Schneider W (1979) The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J Agric Sci 93:217\u2013222","journal-title":"J Agric Sci"},{"key":"38282_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21608\/ejnf.2022.236554","volume":"25","author":"A Mousa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mousa A, Abdella M, El-Sayaad G, Salah Eldeen T, Mohamed S (2022) Influence of nano emulsified oregano, garlic and clove oils blend on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and productive performance of lactating Shami goats. Egypt J Nutr Feeds 25:11\u201327","journal-title":"Egypt J Nutr Feeds"},{"key":"38282_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33752","volume":"10","author":"M Niazifar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niazifar M, Besharati M, Jabbar M, Ghazanfar S, Asad M, Palangi V, Eseceli H, Lackner M (2024) Slow-release non-protein nitrogen sources in animal nutrition: a review. Heliyon 10:e33752","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"38282_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030520","volume":"30","author":"H Omidian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Omidian H, Cubeddu LX, Gill EJ (2025) Harnessing nanotechnology to enhance essential oil applications. Molecules 30:520","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"38282_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/178215\/2024","volume":"33","author":"RT Pangesti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pangesti RT, Jayanegara A, Laconi EB (2024) Effects of level and type of essential oils on rumen methanogenesis and fermentation: a meta-analysis of in vitro experiments. J Anim Feed Sci 33:263\u2013269","journal-title":"J Anim Feed Sci"},{"key":"38282_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0145-9","volume":"8","author":"A Patra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patra A, Park T, Kim M, Yu Z (2017) Rumen methanogens and mitigation of methane emission by anti-methanogenic compounds and substances. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 8:13","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"38282_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.70089","volume":"14","author":"G Radocchia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Radocchia G, Giammarino A, Barberini S, Verdolini L, De Angelis M, Simonetti G, Pantanella F, Schippa S, Angiolella L (2025) Carvacrol and thymol, a synergistic antimicrobial activity against bacterial and Candida species. MicrobiolOpen 14:e70089","journal-title":"Microbiolopen"},{"key":"38282_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31370-9","volume":"13","author":"MJ Ranilla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ranilla MJ, Andr\u00e9s S, Gini C, Biscarini F, Saro C, Mart\u00edn A, Mateos I, L\u00f3pez S, Gir\u00e1ldez FJ, Abdennebi-Najar L, Pereira D, Falleh H, Ksouri R, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Ceciliani F (2023) Effects of Thymbra capitata essential oil on in vitro fermentation end-products and ruminal bacterial communities. Sci Rep 13:4153","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"38282_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.203-207","volume":"8","author":"D Roy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roy D, Tomar SK, Kumar V (2015) Rumen modulatory effect of thyme, clove and peppermint oils in vitro using buffalo rumen liquor. Vet World 8:203\u2013207","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"38282_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","volume":"74","author":"PJ Van Soest","year":"1991","unstructured":"Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci 74:3583\u20133597","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science and Pollution Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-38282-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-026-38282-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11356-026-38282-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:31:09Z","timestamp":1793061069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-026-38282-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["38282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-026-38282-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1614-7499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1614-7499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This was an in vitro experiment using ruminal fluid obtained from nearby butcher facilities; therefore, ethical reviews and permission were not needed. There was no further use of live animals during any of the in vitro experimental processes. Following the guidelines set forth by the animal welfare laws, the animals were killed without experiencing any kind of pain, suffering, or mistreatment.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}