{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:59:34Z","timestamp":1790683174265,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"CRUE-CSIC"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002911","name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeroScience"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aging contributes to the deterioration of the olfactory system in humans. Several studies indicate that the olfactory identification test alone may function as a screening test for olfactory dysfunction and they are more feasible to apply in clinical practice. Olfactory identification may be a predictor for cognitive impairment. Multiple studies have considered the use of odor identification as a measure to identify the conversion from normality to mild cognitive impairment or dementia. The objectives were (i) to elucidate the associations between cognitive status and olfactory identification performance in aging; (ii) understand the predictive value of olfactory capacity in identifying subjects with cognitive impairment risk; and (iii) to study how cognitive status and olfactory identification relate with other variables of wellness in aging, such as functional capabilities and clinical measures. For this purpose, a group of 149 participants (77.15\u2009\u00b1\u20097.29\u00a0years; 73 women of 76.7\u2009\u00b1\u20098\u00a0years and 76 men of 77.6\u2009\u00b1\u20096.52\u00a0years) were recruited and were subjected to a sociodemographic questionnaire, a psychological screening tool of general cognitive status, an olfactory identification evaluation, and clinical measures. The participants were divided into groups based on their cutoff scores of previous scientific reports about the Spanish version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Our results indicate an age-associated decline in olfactory identification ability and intensity of odor perception. The predictive ability of olfactory identification scores for the risk of mild and severe impairment is around 80%. Olfactory identification decreases with cognitive function. Performance in odor identification is associated with impairment of episodic memory and executive functions. These findings further our current understanding of the association between cognition and olfaction, and support olfactory assessment in screening those at higher risk of dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00779-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T10:02:49Z","timestamp":1682071369000},"page":"2011-2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Could olfactory identification be a prognostic factor in detecting cognitive impairment risk in the elderly?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Alice Helena","family":"Delgado-Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Bouhaben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Zujeros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Pallardo-Rodil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"G\u00f3mez-Pav\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8808-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Delgado-Losada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03367-7","volume":"383","author":"S Boesveldt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boesveldt S, Parma V. The importance of the olfactory system in human well-being, through nutrition and social behavior. Cell Tissue Res. 2021;383(1):559\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-020-03367-7.","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"779_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200410000-00017","volume":"114","author":"BN Landis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Landis BN, Konnerth CG, Hummel T. A Study on the Frequency of Olfactory Dysfunction. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(10):1764\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005537-200410000-00017.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"18","key":"779_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2307","volume":"288","author":"C Murphy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murphy C, Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BEK, Klein R, Nondahl DM. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. JAMA. 2002;288(18):2307\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.288.18.2307.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001256","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001256","volume":"2","author":"J Mullol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mullol J, Alobid I, Mari\u00f1o-S\u00e1nchez F, Quint\u00f3 L, de Haro J, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, et al. Furthering the understanding of olfaction, prevalence of loss of smell and risk factors: a population-based survey (OLFACAT study). BMJ Open. 2012;2(6):e001256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001256.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"779_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bjab045","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab045","volume":"46","author":"EJ Papazian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papazian EJ, Pinto JM. Olfactory loss and aging: connections with health and well-being. Chem Senses. 2021;46:bjab045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjab045.","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"779_CR6","unstructured":"Lee JS, Kim SY, Kim JW. Olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2007;287\u201392."},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.4.760","volume":"66","author":"JE Morley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Morley JE. Anorexia of aging: physiologic and pathologic. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(4):760\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/66.4.760.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30123-0","volume":"16","author":"RL Doty","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doty RL. Olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases: is there a common pathological substrate? Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(6):478\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30123-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjw061","volume":"41","author":"P Kohli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kohli P, Soler ZM, Nguyen SA, Muus JS, Schlosser RJ. The association between olfaction and depression: a systematic review. Chem Senses. 2016;41(6):479\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjw061.","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"779_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00242","volume":"10","author":"P Sorokowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sorokowski P, Karwowski M, Misiak M, Marczak MK, Dziekan M, Hummel T, et al. Sex differences in human olfaction: a meta-analysis. Front Psychol. 2019;10:242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00242.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2007.21.3075","volume":"21","author":"CH Shu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shu CH, Yuan BC, Lin SH, Lin CZ. Cross-cultural application of the \u201cSniffin\u2019 Sticks\u201d odor identification test. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21(5):570\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2500\/ajr.2007.21.3075.","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"issue":"4681","key":"779_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6505700","volume":"226","author":"RL Doty","year":"1984","unstructured":"Doty RL, Shaman P, Applebaum SL, Giberson R, Siksorski L, Rosenberg L. Smell identification ability: changes with age. Science. 1984;226(4681):1441\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.6505700.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"779_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111001015","volume":"110","author":"T Hummel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hummel T, Konnerth CG, Rosenheim K, Kobal G. Screening of olfactory function with a four-minute odor identification test: reliability, normative data, and investigations in patients with olfactory loss. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001;110(10):976\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000348940111001015.","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101086","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101086","volume":"9","author":"VA Schriever","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schriever VA, Mori E, Petters W, Boerner C, Smitka M, Hummel T. The \u201cSniffin\u2019 Kids\u201d test\u2014a 14-item odor identification test for children. PloS One. 2014;9(6):e101086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0101086.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"779_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1080\/13803391003683070","volume":"32","author":"M Hedner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hedner M, Larsson M, Arnold N, Zucco GM, Hummel T. Cognitive factors in odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification tasks. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010;32(10):1062\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803391003683070.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580903042684","volume":"17","author":"EI Wehling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wehling EI, Nordin S, Espeseth T, Reinvang I, Lundervold AJ. Familiarity, cued and free odor identification and their association with cognitive functioning in middle aged and older adults. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn [Internet]. 2010;17(2):205\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825580903042684.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020216","volume":"11","author":"ML Delgado-Losada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Delgado-Losada ML, Bouhaben J, Delgado-Lima AH. Development of the Spanish version of sniffin\u2019s Sticks Olfactory Identification Test: Normative data and validity of parallel measures. Brain Sci. 2021;11(2):216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11020216.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00020","volume":"7","author":"RL Doty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doty RL, Kamath V. The influences of age on olfaction: a review. Front Psychol. 2014;7(5):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00020.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"779_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3879","volume":"27","author":"G Ottaviano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ottaviano G, Zuccarello D, Frasson G, Scarpa B, Nardello E, Foresta C, et al. Olfactory sensitivity and sexual desire in young adult and elderly men: an introductory investigation. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2013;27(3):157\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3879.","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1159\/000381619","volume":"61","author":"J Attems","year":"2015","unstructured":"Attems J, Walker L, Jellinger KA. Olfaction and aging: a mini-review. Gerontology. 2015;61(6):485\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000381619.","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"26","key":"779_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino16.248","volume":"54","author":"T Hummel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hummel T, Whitcroft KL, Andrews P, Altundag A, Cinghi C, Costanzo RM, et al. Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinol Suppl. 2017;54(26):1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4193\/Rhino16.248.","journal-title":"Rhinol Suppl"},{"issue":"12","key":"779_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.08.010","volume":"24","author":"DP Devanand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Devanand DP. Olfactory identification deficits, cognitive decline, and dementia in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry Off J Am Assoc Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(12):1151\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.08.010.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry Off J Am Assoc Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24960","volume":"81","author":"M Vassilaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vassilaki M, Christianson TJ, Mielke MM, Geda YE, Kremers WK, Machulda MM, et al. Neuroimaging biomarkers and impaired olfaction in cognitively normal individuals. Ann Neurol. 2017;81(6):871\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24960.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"779_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1992.01880070061012","volume":"118","author":"SI Paik","year":"1992","unstructured":"Paik SI, Lehman MN, Seiden AM, Duncan HJ, Smith DV. Human olfactory biopsy: the influence of age and receptor distribution. Arch Otolaryngol Neck Surg. 1992;118(7):731\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archotol.1992.01880070061012.","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2003.10.003","volume":"3","author":"T Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs T. Mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Ageing Res Rev. 2004;3(2):215\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2003.10.003.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"779_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01826.x","volume":"56","author":"CR Schubert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schubert CR, Carmichael LL, Murphy C, Klein BEK, Klein R, Cruickshanks KJ. Olfaction and the 5-year incidence of cognitive impairment in an epidemiological study of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(8):1517\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01826.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"779_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.53.7.1480","volume":"53","author":"AB Graves","year":"1999","unstructured":"Graves AB, Bowen JD, Rajaram L, McCormick WC, McCurry SM, Schellenberg GD, et al. Impaired olfaction as a marker for cognitive decline: interaction with apolipoprotein E epsilon4 status. Neurology. 1999;53(7):1480\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.53.7.1480.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170960","volume":"62","author":"WC Kreisl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kreisl WC, Jin P, Lee S, Dayan ER, Vallabhajosula S, Pelton G, et al. Odor identification ability predicts PET amyloid status and memory decline in older adults. J Alzheimers Dis JAD. 2018;62(4):1759\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-170960.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis JAD"},{"key":"779_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101416","volume":"70","author":"X Dan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dan X, Wechter N, Gray S, Mohanty JG, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;70:101416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101416.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa018","volume":"45","author":"L Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu L, Liu J, Wroblewski KE, McClintock MK, Pinto J. Odor sensitivity versus odor identification in older US adults: associations with cognition, age, gender, and race | chemical senses | Oxford Academic. Chem Senses. 2020;45(4):321\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa018.","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.11.014","volume":"29","author":"J Djordjevic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Djordjevic J, Jones-Gotman M, De Sousa K, Chertkow H. Olfaction in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2008;29(5):693\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.11.014.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.099721","volume":"78","author":"RS Wilson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilson RS, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Tang Y, Bennett DA. The relationship between cerebral Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology and odour identification in old age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(1):30\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2006.099721.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20533","volume":"58","author":"MH Tabert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tabert MH, Liu X, Doty RL, Serby M, Zamora D, Pelton GH, et al. A 10-item smell identification scale related to risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease - Tabert - 2005 - Annals of Neurology - Wiley Online Library. Ann Neurol. 2005;58(1):155\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.20533.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.514","volume":"11","author":"MW Albers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Albers MW, Gilmore GC, Kaye J, Murphy C, Wingfield A, Bennett DA, et al. At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(1):70\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.514.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"3","key":"779_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642018dn12-020004","volume":"88","author":"DR Roalf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roalf DR, Moberg MJ, Turetsky BI, Brennan L, Kabadi S, Wolk DA, et al. A quantitative meta-analysis of olfactory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88(3):226\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1980-57642018dn12-020004.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.2952","volume":"73","author":"RO Roberts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roberts RO, Christianson TJ, Kremers WK, Mielke MM, Machulda MM, Vassilaki M, et al. Association between olfactory dysfunction and amnestic mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer disease dementia. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(1):93\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.2952.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003558","volume":"88","author":"K Yaffe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yaffe K, Freimer D, Chen H, Asao K, Rosso A, Rubin S, et al. Olfaction and risk of dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults | Neurology. Neurology. 2017;88(5):456\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003558.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P226","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/56.4.p226","volume":"56","author":"D Finkel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Finkel D, Pedersen NL, Larsson M. Olfactory functioning and cognitive abilities: a twin study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2001;56(4):P226-233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/56.4.p226.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"779_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz265","volume":"75","author":"E Palmquist","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palmquist E, Larsson M, Olofsson JK, Seubert J, Backman L, Laukka EJ. Prospective study on risk factors for olfactory dysfunction in aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;75(3):603\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glz265.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"779_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871391","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.871391","volume":"13","author":"VM Challakere Ramaswamy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Challakere Ramaswamy VM, Schofield PW. Olfaction and executive cognitive performance: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2022;13:871391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.871391.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"779_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2017.04.003","volume":"8","author":"AX Pereiro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pereiro AX, Ramos-Lema S, Lojo-Seoane C, Gu\u00e0rdia-Olmos J, Facal-Mayo D, Juncos-Rabad\u00e1n O. Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) in a Spanish sample of community-dweller adults. Eur Geriatr Med. 2017;8(3):240\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurger.2017.04.003.","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, B\u00e9dirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0103-3","volume":"15","author":"PT Trzepacz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trzepacz PT, Hochstetler H, Wang S, Walker B, Saykin AJ, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Relationship between the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-mental State Examination for assessment of mild cognitive impairment in older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15(1):107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-015-0103-3.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-017-0727-6","volume":"29","author":"A Bosco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bosco A, Spano G, Caff\u00f2 AO, Lopez A, Grattagliano I, Saracino G, et al. Italians do it worse. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) optimal cut-off scores for people with probable Alzheimer\u2019s disease and with probable cognitive impairment. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017;29(6):1113\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-017-0727-6.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"779_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2019.11.007","volume":"37","author":"SM Gomez-Moreno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gomez-Moreno SM, Cuadrado ML, Cruz-Ordu\u00f1a I, Mart\u00ednez-Acebes EM, Gordo-Ma\u00f1as R, Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez C, Garc\u00eda-Ramos R. Validation of the Spanish-language version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a screening test for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Neurol. 2022;37(9):726\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nrleng.2019.11.007.","journal-title":"Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"779_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213001245","volume":"25","author":"CSM Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang CSM, Pai MC, Chen PL, Hou NT, Chien PF, Huang YC. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination performance in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and normal participants in Taiwan. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(11):1839\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1041610213001245.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988714522","volume":"27","author":"Y Kaya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaya Y, Aki OE, Can UA, Derle E, Kibaro\u011flu S, Barak A. Validation of montreal cognitive assessment and discriminant power of montreal cognitive assessment subtests in patients with mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer dementia in Turkish population. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2014;27(2):103\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0891988714522.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610215001982","volume":"28","author":"JF Cecato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cecato JF, Martinelli JE, Izbicki R, Yassuda MS, Aprahamian I. A subtest analysis of the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA): which subtests can best discriminate between healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease? Int Psychogeriatr. 2016;28(5):825\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1041610215001982.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"779_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120943","volume":"10","author":"ML Delgado-Losada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delgado-Losada ML, Delgado-Lima AH, Bouhaben J. Spanish validation for olfactory function testing using the Sniffin\u2019 Sticks Olfactory Test: threshold, discrimination, and identification. Brain Sci. 2020;10(12):943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10120943.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"779_CR50","first-page":"292","volume":"46","author":"I Konstantinidis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Konstantinidis I, Printza A, Genetzaki S, Mamali K, Kekes G, Constantinidis J. Cultural adaptation of an olfactory identification test: the Greek version of Sniffin\u2019 Sticks. Rhinology. 2008;46:292\u20136.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"779_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148937","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148937","volume":"11","author":"JC Ribeiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ribeiro JC, Sim\u00f5es J, Silva F, Silva ED, Hummel C, Hummel T, Paiva A. Cultural adaptation of the Portuguese version of the \u201cSniffin\u2019 Sticks\u201d smell test: reliability, validity, and normative data. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0148937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0148937.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"779_CR52","first-page":"61","volume":"14","author":"FI Mahoney","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. Md State Med J. 1965;14:61\u20135.","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"779_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/66.10.1530","volume":"66","author":"MK Holden","year":"1986","unstructured":"Holden MK, Gill KM, Magliozzi MR. Gait assessment for neurologically impaired patients: standards for outcome assessment. Phys Ther. 1986;66(10):1530\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/66.10.1530.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0655-4","volume":"126","author":"IJ Deary","year":"2009","unstructured":"Deary IJ, Johnson W, Houlihan LM. Genetic foundations of human intelligence. Hum Genet [Internet]. 2009;126(1):215\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-009-0655-4.","journal-title":"Hum Genet [Internet]"},{"key":"779_CR55","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Changes in cognitive function in human aging","author":"E Glisky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Glisky E. Changes in cognitive function in human aging. En: Brain Aging. CRC Press; 2007. p. 3\u201320."},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023","volume":"30","author":"TA Salthouse","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salthouse TA. When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiol Aging. 2009;30(4):507\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25711","volume":"87","author":"RS Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson RS, Wang T, Yu L, Bennett DA, Boyle PA. Normative cognitive decline in old age. Ann Neurol. 2020;87(6):816\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25711.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"779_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/02724990143000045","volume":"54","author":"G Brand","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brand G, Millot JL. Sex differences in human olfaction: between evidence and enigma. Q J Exp Psychol B. 2001;54(3):259\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02724990143000045.","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol B"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh059","volume":"29","author":"M Larsson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Larsson M, Nilsson LG, Olofsson JK, Nordin S. Demographic and cognitive predictors of cued odor identification: evidence from a population-based study. Chem Senses. 2004;29(6):547\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjh059.","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200404000-00026","volume":"114","author":"A Br\u00e4merson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Br\u00e4merson A, Johansson L, Ek L, Nordin S, Bende M. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: the Sk\u00f6vde population-based study. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(4):733\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005537-200404000-00026.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx242","volume":"21","author":"S-G Glennon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Glennon S-G, Huedo-Medina T, Rawal S, Hoffman HJ, Litt MD, Duffy VB. Chronic cigarette smoking associates directly and indirectly with self-reported olfactory alterations: analysis of the 2011\u20132014 national health and nutrition examination survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019;21(6):818\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntx242.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"779_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.06.024","volume":"272","author":"Y Endevelt-Shapira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Endevelt-Shapira Y, Shushan S, Roth Y, Sobel N. Disinhibition of olfaction: human olfactory performance improves following low levels of alcohol. Behav Brain Res. 2014;272:66\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.06.024.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.06.004","volume":"88","author":"P Maurage","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maurage P, Callot C, Philippot P, Rombaux P, de Timary P. Chemosensory event-related potentials in alcoholism: a specific impairment for olfactory function. Biol Psychol. 2011;88(1):28\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.06.004.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10646.x","volume":"8","author":"RJF Elsner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Elsner RJF. Odor memory and aging. Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2001;8(4):284\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10646.x.","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol Cogn"},{"issue":"8","key":"779_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjl019","volume":"31","author":"A Mackay-Sim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mackay-Sim A, Johnston ANB, Owen C, Burne THJ. Olfactory ability in the healthy population: reassessing presbyosmia. Chem Senses. 2006;31(8):763\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chemse\/bjl019.","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"779_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00140","volume":"14","author":"V Van Regemorter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Regemorter V, Hummel T, Rosenzweig F, Mouraux A, Rombaux P, Huart C. Mechanisms linking olfactory impairment and risk of mortality. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00140.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"779_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.008","volume":"31","author":"DP Devanand","year":"2010","unstructured":"Devanand DP, Tabert MH, Cuasay K, Manly J, Schupf N, Brickman AM, et al. Olfactory identification deficits and MCI in a multi-ethnic elderly community sample. Neurobiol Aging. 2010;31(9):1593\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.008.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"779_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr011","volume":"26","author":"I Makowska","year":"2011","unstructured":"Makowska I, Kloszewska I, Grabowska A, Szatkowska I, Rymarczyk K. Olfactory deficits in normal aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the polish elderly population. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2011;26(3):270\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acr011.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701287408","volume":"30","author":"HJ Westervelt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Westervelt HJ, Bruce JM, Coon WG, Tremont G. Odor identification in mild cognitive impairment subtypes. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2008;30(2):151\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390701287408.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.11.004","volume":"37","author":"AS Mobley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mobley AS, Rodriguez-Gil DJ, Imamura F, Greer CA. Aging in the olfactory system. Trends Neurosci. 2014;37(2):77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2013.11.004.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e118","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.43","volume":"2","author":"HR Sohrabi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sohrabi HR, Bates KA, Weinborn MG, Johnston ANB, Bahramian A, Taddei K, et al. Olfactory discrimination predicts cognitive decline among community-dwelling older adults. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2(5):e118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tp.2012.43.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"779_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000212","volume":"30","author":"EI Wehling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wehling EI, Wollschlaeger D, Nordin S, Lundervold AJ. Longitudinal changes in odor identification performance and neuropsychological measures in aging individuals. Neuropsychology. 2016;30:87\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000212.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"13","key":"779_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23234","volume":"25","author":"R Stephenson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stephenson R, Houghton D, Sundarararjan S, Doty RL, Stern M, Xie SX, et al. Odor identification deficits are associated with increased risk of neuropsychiatric complications in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2010;25(13):2099\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23234.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"779_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1161","volume":"19","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Suzuki Y, Yamamoto S, Umegaki H, Onishi J, Mogi N, Fujishiro H, et al. Smell identification test as an indicator for cognitive impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19(8):727\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.1161.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"779_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181aba5a5","volume":"29","author":"L Velayudhan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Velayudhan L, Lovestone S. Smell identification test as a treatment response marker in patients with Alzheimer disease receiving donepezil. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(4):387\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181aba5a5.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1159\/000048619","volume":"21","author":"DR Royall","year":"2002","unstructured":"Royall DR, Chiodo LK, Polk MJ, Jaramillo CJ. Severe dysosmia is specifically associated with Alzheimer-like memory deficits in nondemented elderly retirees. Neuroepidemiology. 2002;21(2):68\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000048619.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713001409","volume":"20","author":"I Stanciu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stanciu I, Larsson M, Nordin S, Adolfsson R, Nilsson L-G, Olofsson JK. Olfactory impairment and subjective olfactory complaints independently predict conversion to dementia: a longitudinal, population-based study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20(2):209\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617713001409.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000090250","volume":"26","author":"RS Wilson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilson RS, Arnold SE, Tang Y, Bennett DA. Odor identification and decline in different cognitive domains in old age. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;26(2):61\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000090250.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-009-9289-5","volume":"39","author":"JK Olofsson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Olofsson JK, R\u00f6nnlund M, Nordin S, Nyberg L, Nilsson LG, Larsson M. Odor identification deficit as a predictor of five-year global cognitive change: interactive effects with age and ApoE-\u03b54. Behav Genet. 2009;39(5):496\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10519-009-9289-5.","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2019.01.004","volume":"11","author":"C Gillis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gillis C, Mirzaei F, Potashman M, Ikram MA, Maserejian N. The incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and data synthesis. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2019;11(1):248\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadm.2019.01.004.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"issue":"3","key":"779_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.10.026","volume":"46","author":"RL Doty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doty RL. Olfaction in Parkinson\u2019s disease and related disorders. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;46(3):527\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.10.026.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.1.84","volume":"55","author":"RI Mesholam","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mesholam RI, Moberg PJ, Mahr RN, Doty RL. Olfaction in neurodegenerative disease: a meta-analysis of olfactory functioning in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Arch Neurol. 1998;55(1):84\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.55.1.84.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(86)90129-6","volume":"7","author":"J Corwin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Corwin J, Serby M, Rotrosen J. Olfactory deficits in AD: what we know about the nose. Neurobiol Aging. 1986;7(6):580\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0197-4580(86)90129-6.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"779_CR84","unstructured":"Weber MT. Odor memory in older adults with and without cognitive\u00a0impairments (Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, 2004). Diss Abstr Int. 2004;64:4641."},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000048618","volume":"21","author":"GE Swan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Swan GE, Carmelli D. Impaired olfaction predicts cognitive decline in nondemented older adults. Neuroepidemiology. 2002;21(2):58\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000048618.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"13","key":"779_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17080","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203280","volume":"13","author":"CS Dintica","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dintica CS, Haaksma ML, Olofsson JK, Bennett DA, Xu W. Joint trajectories of episodic memory and odor identification in older adults: patterns and predictors. Aging. 2021;13(13):17080\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.203280.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"779_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/00049537208255802","volume":"24","author":"IM Campbell","year":"1972","unstructured":"Campbell IM, Gregson RAM. Olfactory short term memory in normal, schizophrenic and brain-damaged cases. Aust J Psychol. 1972;24(2):179\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00049537208255802.","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"key":"779_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043912","volume":"59","author":"T Engen","year":"1960","unstructured":"Engen T, Pfaffmann C. Absolute judgments of odor quality. J Exp Psychol. 1960;59:214\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0043912.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"779_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210754","volume":"3","author":"RS Herz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Herz RS, Engen T. Odor memory: review and analysis. Psychon Bull Rev. 1996;3(3):300\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03210754.","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"779_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2016.08.003","volume":"255","author":"J Hagemeier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hagemeier J, Woodward MR, Rafique UA, Amrutkar CV, Bergsland N, Dwyer MG, et al. Odor identification deficit in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease is associated with hippocampal and deep gray matter atrophy. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2016;255:87\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2016.08.003.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"779_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.2174\/156720511796717212","volume":"8","author":"W Lojkowska","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lojkowska W, Sawicka B, Gugala M, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H, Bochynska A, Scinska A, et al. Follow-up study of olfactory deficits, cognitive functions, and volume loss of medial temporal lobe structures in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2011;8(6):689\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/156720511796717212.","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"779_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/23.5.371","volume":"23","author":"DA Skelton","year":"1994","unstructured":"Skelton DA, Greig CA, Davies JM, Young A. Strength, power and related functional ability of healthy people aged 65\u201389 years. Age Ageing. 1994;23(5):371\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/23.5.371.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"8","key":"779_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw222","volume":"72","author":"Q Tian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tian Q, Resnick SM, Studenski SA. Olfaction is related to motor function in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72(8):1067\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glw222.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"779_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1020","volume":"17","author":"HR Sohrabi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sohrabi HR, Bates KA, Rodrigues M, Taddei K, Laws SM, Lautenschlager NT, et al. Olfactory dysfunction is associated with subjective memory complaints in community-dwelling elderly individuals. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;17(1):135\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-2009-1020.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"}],"container-title":["GeroScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-023-00779-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11357-023-00779-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11357-023-00779-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T10:04:03Z","timestamp":1691057043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11357-023-00779-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-023-00779-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-2723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-2723","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants were informed about the aims of this study and gave written informed consent. The Institutional Review Board Ethics Committee at Hospital Universitario San Carlos (Madrid, Spain) approved the study protocol (ref. number 20\/192-E), and the procedure was performed following the Helsinki Declaration and National and European Union regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}