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These include confounding interactions between drugs and the nematodes\u2019 bacterial food source and failure of drugs to be taken up into nematode tissues. To explore this, we have tested liposome-mediated delivery of a range of fluorescent dyes and drugs in <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>. Liposome encapsulation led to enhanced effects on lifespan, requiring smaller quantities of compounds, and enhanced uptake of several dyes into the gut lumen. However, one dye (Texas red) did not cross into nematode tissues, showing that liposomes cannot ensure the uptake of all compounds. Of six compounds previously reported to extend lifespan (vitamin C, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-acetylcysteine, glutathione (GSH), trimethadione, thioflavin T (ThT), and rapamycin), this effect was reproduced for the latter four in a condition-dependent manner. For GSH and ThT, antibiotics abrogated life extension, implying a bacterially mediated effect. With GSH, this was attributable to reduced early death from pharyngeal infection and associated with alterations of mitochondrial morphology in a manner suggesting a possible innate immune training effect. By contrast, ThT itself exhibited antibiotic effects. For rapamycin, significant increases in lifespan were only seen when bacterial proliferation was prevented. These results document the utility and limitations of liposome-mediated drug delivery for <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>. They also illustrate how nematode-bacteria interactions can determine the effects of compounds on <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> lifespan in a variety of ways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00800-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T13:02:17Z","timestamp":1683205337000},"page":"1583-1603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Unraveling effects of anti-aging drugs on C. elegans using liposomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Aihan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuei Ching","family":"Hsiung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina C.","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Girtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"800_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13080164","volume":"13","author":"S Bulterijs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bulterijs S, Braeckman BP. 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